Lockheed-Boeing-General Dynamics F-22 Raptor
Multi-role fighter

"... It was built two prototype-demonstrator YF-22, 9 prototypes of the F-22 (machine EMD - engineering and manufacturing development, machines with serial numbers 4001 to 4009), eight pre-production machinery orders FY1999 and FY2000 period (Series PRTV PRTV 1 and 2, the serial numbers from 4010 to 4017) and to what time ordered 173 production aircraft (the series with the LRIP 1 to 5, with LRIP FRP FRP 1 to 4, with serial numbers 4018 to 4190). In addition, the Air Force were transferred to and counted as pre-production the last two (4008 and 4009) from 9 aircraft EMD. From this overall figure, "serial" in the Air Force in 183 pieces - 83 FRP, 90 LRIP, 8 PRTV, two EMD.
All eight aircraft PRTV both EMD are in USAF Air Warfare Center at Nellis.
Now we have decided to order 4 more serial aircraft in FY2009 budget to maintain production line in 2011, so that the next administration could take a final decision on the future production F-22A. 
In the United States Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson was at the beginning of this year, passed the third aircraft with EMD Ser. No. 91-4003.
Clarification on the prototype EMD - now in 411 th Test Squadron at Edwards AFFTC fly five planes EMD (91-4004, 4006, 4007, 4008, 4009), but among them, as I said, counted in the total number of "183" Air Force procured only the last two cars, and the two subsequently be transferred into the 422 th Test Squadron at Nellis, where there are all eight pre-production machines PRTV.
The four remaining prototype EMD already been decommissioned (91-4001, 4002, 4003, 4005). "
 

Exeter
 

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Lockheed Martin Corp. gave U.S. Air Force's one hundredth fighter F-22A, said Defencetalk. 
"Jubilee" fighter will be sent to Alaska, which will become part of the 90 th Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf Air Force Base. Full complement of 90 Squadron is planned for late 2008. In total, the Pentagon plans to buy 183 aircraft of this type.
Currently, a fifth generation fighter based on five airfields, USAF. In California, Edwards Air Force Base, are testing new machines, to Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada developed the tactics of combat employment of these aircraft, based on Tyndall in Florida - with retraining flight personnel. Combat-ready aircraft are based at airstrips Langley (Virginia) and Elmendorf (Alaska). In addition, the planes are regularly on duty at the bases of Hickam (Hawaii), Holloumen (New Mexico) and Kadena (Japan). The total number of combat-ready F-22 in the U.S. Air Force currently stands at around 60 aircraft.

http://www.lenta.ru/news/2007/08/30/raptor/

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Research on establishing the planned tactical fighter ATF (Advanced Tactical Fighter) were initiated in the mid-seventies. They attended all the seven leading U.S. aviation companies.
U.S. Department of Defense on the results of the demonstration flight tests held in the early nineties, chosen as the base case for a full scale airplane YF-22A Lockheed Company, whose first flight took place in September 1990.
The new aircraft, has received the name "Lightning-2, is designed primarily for air superiority. Its main features are the supersonic cruising speed on neforsirovannom mode of operation of the engine, high maneuverability, good takeoff and landing performance, great range and weapons load is comparable to the combat load the F-15. Important feature of the aircraft is its low visibility to radar and infrared spectrum resulting from the widespread use of technology "stelc.
The design of the airframe is largely constructed from composite materials such as graphite - epoxy, grafitotermoplastichnye materials and materials such as carbon - carbon.
To perform combat missions airline has the most sophisticated electronic equipment. Its basis is a set of control arms with multifunction radar, which has range of up to 150 km, and with a system of electronic warfare. On the plane also installed central complex data and complex system of communication, navigation and identification. For direct control of the aircraft uses a digital wire control system with fiber-optic lines of data.
In addition to single-seater F-22 A is designed to double a training modification of the F-22 B. For the U.S. Air Force plans to build 750 aircraft F-22. Assumed annually since 1999, releasing on 72 of these aircraft, but now this number is reduced to 48, and this rate will be achieved only in 2001. American experts believe that the fighter F-22A will be substantially greater than the combat effectiveness of modern aircraft of similar purpose:
7 September 1997 flew the first experimental series the fifth generation fighter Lockheed Martin / Boeing F-22A Raptor. Remembering this 58-minute flight, test pilot Paul Metz (Paul Metz) made no secret rapture. He said the new aircraft "for speed and acceleration. Performance significantly superior to the F-15, at the same time, it is very stable and has excellent handling. I experienced a wonderful moment." In early 1998, takes place 5000-hour program of flight testing of F-22A, with the participation of 9 cars.
The appearance of F-22A caused a lot of articles in aviation publications all over the world. After analyzing these publications, the editors' and B "decided to put in this room one of the most common articles giving an overview of the car. It is easy to see many of the provisions of this article are advertising. The author does not skimp on the epithets, calling the "Raptor" super-fast, svehmanevrennym, subtle plane with a new level of production technology, etc., etc. And yet not so simple. "Editorial, premises should contain an attempt to analyze some of the technical solutions underlying the F-22A.
F-22 opened a new era in the development of fighter aircraft. Although budget constraints are constantly hindered the program, and the debut of the first of nine aircraft pilot series took seven years after the flight of two prototypes of YF-22, USAF command is optimistic about the future."Raptor" has brought the largest increase in cruise speed with the jet era began: it may take a long fly and maneuver at speeds at which other modern fighters hardly fly in a straight line for a short time. F-22A built using all elements of technology stelc "that reduce the visibility of a wide range of radio frequencies and infrared radiation. His electronic equipment and information display system in the cockpit surpass all similar, untested elsewhere.
Basic shape of F-22 was developed for the three months of feverish work after in 1987 the firm Lockheed agreed that its previous concept of the fighter, who won the preliminary contest USAF, will be technically difficult to realize and not competitive. The main difficulty was to find a compromise between the conflicting requirements of low visibility, supersonic cruising speed and maneuverability. After years of searching for the world's first fifth-generation fighter has acquired the following image. Takeoff weight - about 27 tons Wing - nearly triangular with a moderate (42 °) sweep on the leading edge. It combines a low relative thickness for supersonic flight, with sufficient space to meet the requirements of maneuverability and possesses the necessary amount.Large slats and change of curvature profiles along the span wing makes more efficient at low speeds and high angles of attack than the triangular wings, built earlier. The aircraft has integral layout: 1 / 3 span falls on the fuselage, accommodating compartments of weapons and most of the fuel. Tail F-22 is designed so that the plane could reach the limit angles of attack, while maintaining control. To expand the range of flight conditions change the thrust vector is applied, which is especially useful at low speeds. But the F-22 runs on any view, and without departing jets engines.
F-22 was created with the use of technology stelc "based on the predominance of flat inclined surfaces with sharp edges, and in this sense it is a development of the F-117. Further progress in this area will enter into the design of "Raptor" and some curved surfaces, and with special care to fulfill the gaps between control surfaces, although the use of composite materials (CM) helps to reduce the visibility of the aircraft, the design of the F-22 contains them is less than planned initially. Nevertheless, the goal - reducing weight by 25% compared with a fully aluminum structure - has been achieved. Titanium is 41% by weight of airframe.
Core design is the central part of the fuselage, built Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems. It includes sections to accommodate the arms and the main landing gear and engine air channels.The remaining of this section given over an integral fuel tank. The central part of the fixed wing, engine compartment and the tail boom, built Boeing. Forward fuselage contains the cockpit and electronic equipment, created by Lockheed Martin.
The dimension of the set to "Raptor" engines Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 is dictated by the requirement of a supersonic cruising speed. Although the F119 is similar in size to the F100 and is designed for approximately the same (about 125 kg / s) airflow, the degree of bypass ratio of about 0,2:1, at a time like this option F100 - 0,7:1. Thus, through the hot circuit F119 is at least 50% more air than the F100. Although official sources indicate that the new engine is in the "155 kN thrust class, the real thrust at full afterburner may even be more than 170 kN. This suggests the existence of an intermediate regime at 113 kN for a supersonic cruise flight. Flat nozzle F-22 can deflect the jet on full afterburner up and down at speeds of up to 20 ° per second. Folds nozzles can take consistent with the other edges of the aircraft position to reduce radar visibility and form the exhaust so as to reduce its temperature. 
The main armament "Raptor" consists of six prospective missile air-to-air medium-range AIM-120C (AMRAAM) - three in each of the two central compartments of pneumo-hydraulic ejection units. In the two side compartments contained one rocket melee A1M-9X. The rocket from the compartments is done automatically as soon as the F-22 approaching the starting point, allowing the seeker to take aim. 20-mm cannon M61A2 firm General Dynamics - Light version of the famous "Bulkana with elongated reinforced barrels of CM and a modified breech - is located at the wing root on the right. Muzzle removed in a small resealable hinged lid groove in the fuselage.
Back in 1994 USAF have set a task to provide Lockheed F-22 is the possibility of attacking ground targets, for which the weapons bays were converted to accommodate the 450-kg GBU-32 munitions Joint DirectAttack Munition (a universal means of controlled destruction) JDAM development of McDonnel Douglas. F-22 can carry two JDAM, AMRAAM two and two A1M-9X. When stealth is not required, F-22 can carry up to 2270 kg payload on the outside of each of the four underwing pylons. For the ferry flight on each of them can be placed on the 2280-liter fuel tank and a pair of AMRAAM, thereby reducing the need for a number of air tankers and transport aircraft.
But perhaps the most significant technological advance, applied to the F-22 is a sophisticated system of sensors, computers and displays that are supposed to allow the pilot to better cope with their work. Paul Metz, once said: "If we look at history, it is easy to see that very few fighter pilots to operate effectively. In the war of 1939-45. Only one of five pilot shot down at least one enemy plane ... Since that time, Not much has changed. Our goal is to increase the number of pilots who hit the target with one of five to one of the two. "
The speed and stealth F-22 will make future air combat is extremely transient, which puts forward new requirements to ensure situational confidence pilot. To this end, the aircraft is equipped with a new supercomputer to the CPU design GM-Hughes. Its software, totaling about 1.7 million lines of processing data received from the radar APG-77 production of Northrop Grumman, the system P35ALR-94 company Lockheed Sanders, as well as through the transfer of data from other aircraft, for example, AWACS. The system brings in a whole all incoming information, combining it with information from the database, thus enabling the pilot to navigate in a tactical environment. The significance of this can not be overestimated, since 90% were shot down and surviving pilots later said they would not have noticed, what struck them. The computer continuously calculates the distance to any air defense radar in the flight and, if the pilot of an F-22 performs maneuvers such that the probability of detection increases, massive ring around the mark of the radar on the indicator in the cockpit is expanding. Own radar "Raptor" to be used only when absolutely necessary: ​​when to attack or to identify the plane, nearer to the F-22 is enough to make up for it a threat. The computer tracks the position and velocity of targets, determines their identity and gives recommendations on how and when to use the weapon.
Phased array radar "Raptor" is unique. Its antenna consists of nearly 2000 units the size of a finger, each of which represents a tiny radar transceiver. The electron beam can jump from target to target faster than conventional disk moves radar radar. Radar F-22 will be more reliable because it contains a single high voltage cable, and it lacks a mechanism to rotate the antenna mirrors that of conventional radar is damaged most frequently.
Another feature of the F-22 is the absence of double modification; F-22B was rejected last year in order to save money. Air Force believe that the equipment F-22 will make its safety in flight, and data transmission channels with electronic memory will enable the instructor, sitting on the ground behind the monitor, supervise cadets as well as if he was in the backseat. There is only one "but": there will be free skating for the generals, congressmen and the media. 
Huge thrust provides a "Raptor" remarkable acceleration capabilities. Data published in 1991, show that even at maximum capacity F-22 exceeds the speed of F-15C on full afterburner, when both aircraft are on board eight missiles air-to-air missiles. Afterburner of the new fighter will be used primarily for maneuvering. "We expect that this will be one of the things that will surprise the Air Force," - says Metz. He believes that "the afterburner is mostly unused. During a typical mission, the F-22 can support speeds of up to 1,1-1,2 M = M = 1,5 or more during the entire flight over enemy territory. The duration of the flight, it is 3 to 6 times larger than any fourth-generation fighter.
Supersonic cruise speed is the source of many benefits. Faster aircraft has the initiative in battle, he will be able to maneuver around slower opponent to strike from the rear hemisphere, or to fight with greater vigor. Speed ​​"Raptor" is supplemented by his reticence: in fact the purpose is not to become completely "invisible" for the defense, and to reduce the detection range so when the enemy will not be able to intercept bystroletyaschey goal. Decrease in the effective surface diffusion of F-22, especially in the forward hemisphere, it guarantees the possibility of the first pilot to see the enemy first strike. 
USAF does not exclude the possibility of short-range air combat, and although Paul Metz prefers not to indulge in debates about the value of low-speed combat maneuvers to extra-large angles of attack demonstrated the Su-37. Some pilots believe that the ability to fire rockets "air-to-air short range in almost any direction by changing the orientation of the fuselage regardless of the flight path will be crucial in future air battles. Others disagree, arguing that the maneuvers associated with the disruption of the flow, lead to such a big loss of speed that they are deadly in a group air combat. Why had not brought the dispute about the importance of super maneuverability at low speeds, these modes of F-22 could well stand up for himself. Angle of attack of 60 ° has been demonstrated in the tests YF-22. At angles of attack of 15 ° above the plane showed the angular velocity of at least two times higher than the F-15, and the advantage it expands to as long as the F-15 is not limited by its restriction to 30 °, to which it has operated on a roll. Angular rate of change of pitch F-22 is twice the figure for the F-16.
Despite the extraordinary ability, F-22 is not difficult to maintain. Perhaps the fact that the development of each of his unit took part specially created team, bringing together designers, specialists in manufacturing and servicing. The aim was to reduce by 2 / 3 the time of aircraft maintenance per flight hour compared to the F-15. On-board control system "Raptor" has replaced ground test equipment, and a large number of units of the aircraft is designed so that their replacement can be done in the field. As a result, for the 30-day independent-based squadron of 24 F-22 requires only eight flights of C-141V to 18 for the same number of F-15.
Another new approach, implemented in the program, the F-22 was conducting intensive pre-flight tests, which have revealed many problems before, not after the first flight. If the program and the case of delay, then the main reason they have been insufficient investment. Thus, budgetary constraints forced twice to postpone first flight of Raptor. " The Pentagon had planned to reduce, and F-22 fleet from 648 to 438 machines, which led to higher prices for production aircraft.Today, the expected average price of an F-22 is 71 million USD in 1996 prices It involves a fully-equipped airplane, but without spare parts and weapons. The total cost of the program (development, construction of 438 aircraft, spares, ground equipment) amounts to 73.5 billion USD. Sales of "Raptor" for export, of course, would reduce its value. Therefore, the Pentagon and Joint Chiefs are considering such a possibility, even though the secret technology "Stella". It is recognized that some of the "stealth"-features of F-22 are modular and can not be installed on the aircraft for export. Potential buyers are represented today users of the F-15 - Israel, Saudi Arabia and Japan.
It is premature to conduct an exact comparison between the F-22A fighter and the other in the world market. However, the basic parameters of the aircraft - thrust-weight ratio, wing loading capacity of the fuel system and flight data - opt for the F-22A as compared with the Eurofighter, Rafale and Su-37, even if you do not take into account its "invisibility" and advanced equipment.Its price is not much different from the 50-60 million USD, officially announced for the new European fighters.
Today, the F-15 still have a high combat capability. However, the USAF prove the necessity of replacing them with more invulnerable and long-range facility, because Russia and China are building a new air defense missile systems and advanced fighter aircraft such as Su-37. VA benefit programs say the F-22 two main circumstances. First, the U.S. and its allies prefer to surpass the enemy in the early stages of the conflict. Secondly, the U.S. public and political leaders expect quick success and minimal losses, so the F-22, capable to deal with any existing or prospective fighter, would create a rule.
F-22A: not so simple
Let us try to understand themselves in the guise of a fifth generation fighter, as seen by the U.S. Air Force. By tradition, the entire military jet aircraft is conditionally divided into several generations: the first includes the aircraft, created from the fortieth to the fifties, the second - until the early sixties, the third - the sixties, the fourth - in the early seventies to mid eighties. To say with certainty that a particular pattern of equipment relates to the next generation, not enough to know when it is created, it is necessary to analyze whether there are qualitative differences between its characteristics from those in samples of the previous generation.
It is known that the aircraft are divided into flight, tactical and technical. These include: the maximum velocity, service ceiling, range or radius of the operational use and the maximum g-load, rate of climb, the flight time to the turn to intercept or a line of military ground and several others.In addition to performance, to assess the technical level of the fighters used the so-called partial criteria of excellence which in their totality and determine its combat effectiveness. Most often it is the relative values ​​such as unit load on the wing or Thrust, which allow to judge about the perfection of design. Under the latter in this case, it should be understood not only the airframe, but also its systems and equipment. These indicators include: the relative weight of the airframe, fuel, payload and avionics: the relative volumes occupied by fuel, equipment and weapons: the relative area of ​​the washed surface, which affects the resistance at subsonic flight conditions, the relative area of ​​the middle section, which affects the impedance and the characteristics of the supersonic regime, and many others.
We now proceed directly to the object of our attention - the fighter F-22A. Some of these characteristics it is possible to learn from the above article, others certainly will soon appear in the press. The reader, armed with a calculator and a ruler can easily determine the values ​​of some criteria of excellence "Raptor", and then compare them with corresponding data of the Su-27 or F-15. If it turns out that on many indicators, this "supersamolet" no better than fourth-generation fighter. But we will not delay on this account, partly because some of the presently known characteristics of the F-22A are openly advertising. Our task in the other - a critical analysis of some of the technical solutions that allow you to carry it to the fifth-generation fighter, noting their strengths and weaknesses. Such an approach would enable more consciously perceive raised around the hype machine.
First, it should be noted that the F-22A incorporates the most advanced features fourth-generation fighter. Firstly, it is integrated aerodynamic design - smooth pair of wing and fuselage, increasing the load-bearing properties and allows maximum use of internal volume (F-16, Su-27, MiG-29). Secondly, the use of radar with a phased array antenna that allows you to fire missiles at several targets simultaneously (MiG-31). Third, increase the range and duration of flight in the domestic fuel supply without refueling (Su-27). Fourth, the increase in maneuvering characteristics by reducing the wing loading, thrust-weight ratio and the growth of by-wire control system (F-15, F-16, Su-27, etc.). At the same time, several characteristics of the "Raptor" is qualitatively different from those listed just machines. Primarily, this supersonic cruising speed is attained on besforsazhnyh modes of SU, and significantly reduce the visibility to the radar of the enemy. Next - high mobility, not only in subsonic and supersonic speeds. Finally, it is a high probability of hitting the target without entering the war zone of contact. The totality of these differences and gives grounds to consider F-22A fifth generation fighter aircraft. With its creation, the desire to achieve precisely these characteristics become decisive in the development of technical requirements and set the boundary conditions for a decision on configuration of the aircraft as a whole and its individual systems. However, these demands have been largely contradictory, prompting the American designers to make a number of compromises, some of which have affected the fighting qualities of the "Raptor". 
The desire to reach supersonic cruise speed inevitably entails a significant reduction in resistance.One of the measures aimed at achieving this goal was the placement of weapons hanging in the inner compartments F-22A. However, this led to an increase in the total area of ​​midsection plane compared to the option, when rockets and a bomb placed under the wing on pylons. After all, at an internal location, except for cross-sectional area of ​​the weapon itself, the area required for linking its components to each other and with elements of airframe, as well as to accommodate the necessary actuators and mechanisms for combat use. As a result, although the use of integral aerodynamic layout reduced the frontal component of the resistance, but because of the increase midship wave component has increased! Therefore, the dimensions of the inner compartment had maximum compress, optimize it by placing only a narrow range missile air-to-air missiles, needed to solve the fundamental problem fighter - air superiority. All other types of military aircraft can carry loads on external sling or on the inside, if their dimensions do not exceed the size of the compartment. In any case, the placement of weapons is far from optimal, and in this respect "Raptor" is inferior to all multi-role fighters of the fourth generation.
Furthermore, the use of internal weapons bays leads to heavier and more complicated aircraft structure, since leads to the application of the wing mnogolonzheronnogo type instead of the caisson and a corresponding increase in the number of power frames. The design of the latter also departs from the optimal because of the need to transfer the flow forces on a curvilinear open contour. The situation is compounded by the need to minimize the area of ​​the fuselage midsection.Moreover, one can hardly hope to reduce the weight of the frames through the use of composite materials (CM), as should take into account the probability of battle damage and the practical impossibility of repair of such structures in the field. KM can be applied only where there is a possibility of quick replacement of individual units or the entire unit as a whole: in the wing and the elements of mechanization in the vertical and horizontal tail, wings of weapons bays and landing gear, hatch covers, fairings of various kinds and various other sites .
Another way to achieve a supersonic cruise speed is to increase engine thrust to besforsazhnom mode, since the inclusion afterburner leads to a radical increase in fuel consumption. Demand besforsazhnogo supersonic flight engines meet low-pass ratio. however, they have an increased specific fuel consumption at subsonic regimes, which occurs mainly combat maneuvering. Here is another contradiction that arises when the fifth generation fighter.
Reduction of radar visibility F-22A achieved by significantly reducing its effective reflecting surface. To this end, the maximum number of edges - front and rear edge of the wing, empennage, wing weapons bays and landing gear, hatches, etc. - Made in parallel and have no more than two directions of signal reflections. In addition, the maximum limit on the number of surfaces that intersect at angles close to 90 °, to avoid the effect of corner reflector. However, such a geometry the plane can not cause a decrease in its flying characteristics. In particular, designed in accordance with these requirements, engine intakes, which are parallel to the edge, not only among themselves and with the front edge of the wing, but do not form right angles, made unregulated. The reason - the difficulty regulating intake of such a configuration associated with a significant complication of its construction. As a result, air vents F-22A fitted with a system of bypass air and is optimized for supersonic cruise flight mode, which entails an increase in losses on other modes. Thus, during maneuvers, when there is a rapid change in velocity head, engines "Raptor" work in unfavorable conditions. This alone gives reason to doubt some of the specs.
The desire to reduce the visibility enhances the contradictions in the requirements for the geometry of the wing supersonic cruise and maneuvering at subsonic speeds. If required for the first wing of a thin profile, the big sweep and small amplitude, then the second - on the contrary: moderate sweep, a large magnitude, with vysokonesuschih profiles. On the F-22A compromise reached by equipping "Supersonic" wing silnorazvitoy adaptive mechanization-deflected toe, flaps and flaperons that increase its load-bearing properties at subsonic and maneuvering. In this case, for the sake of reducing the visibility of the entire mechanization has a constant chord along the span, thus preserving the parallelism of the edges even in the deflected position, but the airfoil in this case, especially in the end sections, change is not an optimal way. Therefore, despite the use of a special twist, the wing "Raptor" can not have the same high lifting properties, such as the wing of Su-27.
The best fighters of the fourth generation of different unstable aerodynamic configuration (when the aerodynamic focus plane is located in front of his center of gravity), which enhances their maneuverability at subsonic speeds. But at the moment of break the sound barrier rapidly shifted focus plane back, thereby reducing the margin of instability. To ensure that necessary for the fifth-generation fighter maneuverability at supersonic speed, it is necessary to further enhance the degree of longitudinal static instability at subsonic speeds. The solution to this problem is possible by using the thrust vector deflection engine F-22A for balancing and changes its spatial position.All this can be an order to complicate the control system aircraft and engines. The very maneuvering at supersonic speed with large congestion requires high strength aircraft, and hence lead to its further weighting.
We touched on only some of those circumstances, even the most superficial understanding of which allows more sober look at this marvel of American engineering thought. Unfortunately, except for advertising information about the F-22A, little is known, especially its electronic equipment, which we can not estimate at least tentatively, as an airframe and powerplant. In order to further understand the stated characteristics of the aircraft and the decisions taken during its creation requires more than one article. Tactical fighter F-22A Raptor deserves close attention and study. Let us hope that in the future with the advent of new information, we will come back to talk about it.

F119 - ENGINE FIGHTER F-22

 
Engine F119-PW-100, which is equipped with F-22 fighter "Peptor", is based on F100 turbofan and is designed to provide supersonic cruise flight without the inclusion of the afterburner. The power plant consists of two twin-shaft turbofan F119 low bypass ratio. This is a twin-shaft turbofan with key (estimated) characteristics: Rf = 156 kN, m = 0,45, Court of Justice vzl = 1.943 kg / (kg • h), Ldv = 4800 mm, MDV = 1400 kg. Compared with the base engine, he develops twice as much traction on neforsirovannom mode and 50% greater thrust on afterburner mode contains 40% fewer parts and has 80% better reliability, maintainability and supportability.

Some design features main units F119-PW-100

Fan F119-PW-100 - a three-stage, rotor blades - hollow shirokohordnye without antivibration shelves. This is the first engine blades shirokohordnymi the American fighter. They used technology developed for similar blades civil turbofan PW4000. Without antivibration shelves blades with small elongation and diameter sleeve provides increased air flow and have increased durability, performance, stock CDB, as well as better resistance to damage when hit in the engine of birds and other foreign objects. Hollow blades are applied only in the first stage fan. It is possible to reduce its mass.
Disks and blades of the three fan stages are performed as a single unit (design "blisk") to reduce weight and improve performance. This design prevents air leakage into the root of the blade, which is the rotor blades of a mechanical connection with the disk. The rotors are made of titanium, the individual steps are connected using friction welding.
Input the fan has a monolithic construction of a composite material, it is easier (7 kg) and cheaper source of titanium hull. Input body through a series of profiled pillars supporting the front bearing.Technology for manufacturing the body does not require its further processing and provides a smooth outer surface.
Compressor - six, as bliskovymi rotors. To ensure maximum efficiency rotor blades have a small elongation and corrected diffuse, and stator vanes are made oblique. Shortened and stronger working compressor blades also characterized by high resistance to damage and disturbance of air flow. The fan housing and compressor - connectors for better access for maintenance.
Combustion chamber - ring; wall "floating floor" have both convective and film cooling. Stepped nozzles improve performance.
Turbines - high and low pressure - single stage. Rotation of the turbine is carried out in opposite directions. Equipped with single-crystal turbine blades with air cooling. Convective and film cooling reduces the heating of blades and increase their service life. Channel parameters and openings for passage of cooling air is calculated using methods of computational gas dynamics and refined after the bench tests on specially prepared samples of the engine.
Cascades of WA and ND engine rotate in opposite directions, which in combination with high speed increases the efficiency of compressors, turbines and bearings. In particular, the combination of counter-rotating stages and a high frequency reduces the rotation of the air flow between the steps and increases efficiency In the production of turbine disks are double heat treatment. Their material forms a fine-grained structure in the central part and coarse on the rim, which increases resistance to damage.
Nozzle of the engine is flat, with a deviation of the thrust vector. Includes sash and shoulder-expanding parts, providing independent control of an area of ​​critical and output sections. Leaf growing part of the cooling to reduce the infrared radiation, in addition, they are given a special form in order to reduce radar visibility. Nozzle fighter F-22 are deflected at angles ± 20 ° (while putting over 1 second). Symmetric deviation of both nozzles is used to control the pitch, to enhance the action of the horizontal tail at low speeds and high angles of attack. Application deflected nozzles to increase the mass construction of 15 ... 25 kg, while an equivalent increase in the area of ​​horizontal tail would increase this mass of 180 kg.
In the F119 turbofan supposed to use a piston drive an expanding part of the nozzle is made of structural materials with a titanium matrix. Weight of piston manufactured by Atlantic Research Corporation, "40% less than that of similar parts made of stainless steel. Piston length about 30.5 cm in diameter sleeve 5.1 cm and a diameter of 10.2 cm head is manufactured as one piece.
Control System - FADEC with double redundancy, combined with a system to control a fighter F-22. Controls the thrust vector control, regulate fuel consumption, manage turning the fan guide vanes and compressor. Engine F119-PW-100 is equipped with diagnostic system that monitors its technical state, maintains a record of events and transmits the data on them in the onboard computer of a fighter. ACS FADEC turbofan F119-PW-100 can automatically compensate for failures of sensors and feedback devices.
For debugging and testing software SAU FADEC F119-PW-100 used an automated functional simulator of the entire range of flight and a large number of various transient regimes. A typical loop simulation tests with autopilot could include 2,900 points route, 65 hours of engine operation, including 26 hours in forced mode, more than 3300 inclusions of the combustion chamber and more than 300 tactical cycles. Combining the simulator with a flight simulator equipped with a device, the graphical representation of flight data, allows us to study the problem of man-machine.
TRDFF F119-PW-100 is the improved maintainability and repairability. At the top of the motor units are not located and replaced on the aircraft parts and units (LRU) installed in a single layer.Each of the 29 blocks of LRU may be removed and replaced with an average of 20 minutes.Outside Engine Safety wire is not used, instead apply the clamp-type fasteners. As a result of using such compounds engine weight increased by 0.68 kg, but the life-cycle cost savings has increased considerably. Difference between the sizes of fasteners is minimized, and for the removal of almost all units LRU requires only one tool.
An example of a careful consideration of technological procedures, engine maintenance is the choice of an installation ACS FADEC. Its weight is 16.8 kg, and since it is at shoulder level person, the maintenance is difficult for the technicians of medium height. In this regard, ACS is provided with a handle, allowing unscrew the unit from the engine before readout, and then remove it with both hands. Another innovation - the use of flexible pipes, which constitute 40% of all highways TRDFF F119-PW-100. While the value and volume occupied by the flexible pipe is higher than hard, they are more convenient for maintenance. Also carefully analyzed and subjected to modernize equipment tools for ground maintenance engine. As a result, maintenance is required only about 220 names of instruments, while for the turbofan F100 - 400 instruments.Almost all of the fasteners ensure retention of parts during repair, preventing them from falling, and loss. Another innovation was the use of pipelines to connect the locking clips instead of clips, which often shift and are lost after the withdrawal. Due to the blocking clamps one half of the site remains attached to the engine body, and the second - disconnects after unscrewing the bolt. In order for the second half of clip is not lost, it is attached to the first with a flexible leash, made of special material.
The changes affected as oil tank and engine throttle. As a result, oil tank is mounted directly to the main box drive unit, which will remove the 18 pipelines and thereby eliminate the 18 zones of possible leaks. In the throttle valve due to unification has been reduced number of parts, resulting in all 12 connectors used on the valve are the same type. In addition, all tubing were connected to the throttle valve, which allowed to abandon the many seals in favor of only one seal assembly.
When you create an engine F119-PW-100 is strictly limited to the amount of supporting documentation. From the initial package of military specifications and standards after a thorough review had been removed 88% (164 titles), and a list of contract programming data is reduced by 72%. The volume of reporting of the report of the Program F119 (in pages) is reduced by 50% and the cycle of exchange of technical information between contractors and government departments reduced from 60 days to two weeks. Active use of videoconferencing and electronic exchange of information in real time possible to reduce transportation costs of personnel by 75%.
Maintainability F119 turbofan will be improved through the use of interactive instructions. Firm Pratt & Whitney plans to translate all the instructions on the magnetic disks CD-ROM, which will abandon the printed text of about 85,000 pages. To use such instructions tehsostav must have a solid portable computer, which can be used interchangeable modules that contain limited amounts of information.
F119 engine development effort has been made a great contribution to the program of flight tests of the F-22. Flight test was delivered 25 engines, have worked flawlessly in flight and achieve key milestones tests. Aviation Complex F-22/F119 flown in tests over 860 h with a set height of 15 000 m, a cruising speed of more than M = 1.5, overloading of more than 7 g and angle of attack of 60 °. The deployment of the F-22 aircraft parts in full is expected in 2005, Evolutionary model turbofan F119 - engine F135 - will be installed on future combat aircraft F-35 (formerly known as fighter-attack aircraft for the JSF aircraft of various types of U.S. armed forces - Joint Strike Fighter). 
 

According to the Americans on the world market of military aviation technology major competitors fighter F-22 are the Russian MiG-29 and Su-27 of various modifications, equipped with engines of families of the RD-33 and AL-31. Like the F-22 Russian planes, which are the Air Force more than 25 countries around the world, are considered commercially effective combat aircraft of medium and light classes.
Closest to the parameters to the F119 engine AL-31 (which according to the guidelines Rosaviakosmos is the base powerplant fifth-generation fighter) develops a poster thrust Rf = 12 500 kg in the mode of "full afterburner and 7,770 kg - in the mode maksimal. Specific fuel consumption at maximum capacity of the Court of Justice max = 0,75 kg / (kg • h) in afterburner - 1,92 kg / (kg • h), cruising the minimum specific fuel consumption of Court was cr = 0.67 kg / (kgf h). Dry weight MDV = 1530 kg, the weight of 0.122.
Creation of the F-22 and its successor the F-35 fighter has become a powerful impetus to the integration of Western aviation firms and to strengthen their position in the global aviation market.The first is to strengthen the positions of American industry. Trend in the development of parks fighters middle dimension is prevalent abroad and long. On the one hand, forms the structure of tactical aircraft fleet, on the other hand, determines the nature of demand in the international market of aviation combat equipment. In general, the development of U.S. military tactical aircraft programs poses major aviation powers need more careful analysis of how domestic developments in the field of multi-role fighters of the future scenarios.

 

Characteristics of the F-22:

Wingspan 13.56 m, (13/11 YF -22)
Aircraft length 18.92 meters, (19.56 YF -22)
Aircraft height 5,00 m, (5.36 YF -22)
Wing area 78.04 sq ft

Area VO 16.54 sq.m (20.25 sq.m YF -22)

Area GO 12.63 m

Weight

Avionics 858 kg 
empty 19,660 kg
normal takeoff 30,206 kg (100% fuel)

Combat 25,776 kg (52% fuel)

Maximum 37,606 kg

Load:      

normal 1,116 kg (6 +2 SD)

Maximum 10,370 kg

9,367 kg of fuel

FTB 7200 kg

Engine Type 2 x turbofans Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100             
Static blast 13,900 kg (first series), 15,810 kg

Thrust 0.84 - 1.23

Wing loading 349 kg / m 

Maximum speed 2100 km / h (2M)
Cruising speed 1800 km / h (1.72M)

Range:

without PTB, the normal vzl.ves 1900 km

without drop tanks, 100% of the fuel inside the 2500 km

100% within + 2 FTB 3330 km

100% internal ri + 4 FTB 5700 km (the application is not confirmed)

Supersonic cruise range 1300 km (1.5m) 
Combat radius of 760 - 1100 km 
Service ceiling 19,200 m
Max Exp. Overload 9.5
Required runway length 915 m
Service 8.7 people per flight hour

Speed ​​Roll 100 deg / sec.

Estimated life of the aircraft 8000 hours

Operating pressure hose 560 kg / cm

Radar

Range Radar 90 - 185 km

weight 553.7 kg

Power consumption 16533 Tues

volume of 0.565 cubic meters

cooling air 4.38 kg / min.

coolant flow 33.9 l / min.

Dr. Diameter AFAR 0.813 m

weight 219.1 kg

volume of 0.275 cubic meters

power dissipation 8278 Tues

coolant flow 11.3 l / min

Load:

Built-in 20-mm cannon M61A2 Vulcan c 480 cartridges. 
 

3 internal weapons bays: 
In the air-to-air:
in the main compartment (under the fuselage): 6 SD-Air AIM-120C AMRAAM. (157 kg) and in the side: of 1 SD air-to-air AIM-9 Sidewinder (87 kg)

6 * 157 +2 * 87 = 1116 kg. / 2,460 lbs.
 

In the air-land:
in the main compartment (under the fuselage): 6 SD-Air AIM-120C AMRAAM and 2 450-kg guided bomb GBU-32 JDAM

in the side: of 1 SD air-to-air AIM-9 Sidewinder

6 * 157 +2 * 87 +2 * 450 = 2016 kg / 4444.5 lbs

In the role of aircraft air superiority:
in the main compartment (under the fuselage): 6 SD-Air AIM-120C AMRAAM. and in the side: on a UR-Air AIM-9 Sidewinder at 4 external sites
4 AIM-120C AMRAAM and February 2271 liters drop tanks

6 * 157 +2 * 87 +4 * 157 +2 * 2000 kg = 5,744 kg / 12,663 lbs.

In the role of long-range fighter: 
in the main compartment (under the fuselage): 6 SD-Air AIM-120C AMRAAM. and in the side: on a UR-Air AIM-9 Sidewinder at 4 external nodes 8 AIM-120C AMRAAM and April 2271 liter drop tanks

6 * 157 +2 * 87 +8 * 157 +4 * 2000 kg = 10,372 kg / 22,866 lbs.

Fuel System ( gallon values ​​from Technical Order 00-105E-9 )

F-1A: 380.8 gal (2551.4 lbs; 1157.3kg)
F-1B: 323.6 gal (1558.4 lbs; 706.9kg)
F-2: 710.8 gal (4762.4 lbs; 2160.2kg)
A-1: 380.8 gal (2551.4 lbs; 1157.3kg) x2
A-2: 375.3 gal (2514.5 lbs; 1140.6kg) x2
A-3: 77.3 gal (517.9 lbs; 234.9kg) x2

Total = 3,082 gal (20,649.4 lbs; 9366.5 kg)

PTB 4 x 592.0 gal (4 x 1799.09 kg)

In normal weight remain filled with the following tanks:

Two wing A -2 R | L - 1140.6 kg x 2,

Fuselage: A -3 R / L - 234 . 9 kg x 2 and F -2 - 2160.2 kg 

Total: 2281.2 + 469.8 + 2160.2 = 4911.2 kg (52.4%)

The percentage of materials in the airframe:

aluminum alloys - 16% (in the prototype - 32%)

Titanium alloys - 39% (27%)

Composites - 24% (21%).

Radar URR is designed for installation on aircraft ATF     and provides the following modes:

1. In actions against air targets

Search modes;

- Search for speed;

- Search for the measurement of distance: on a collision course, all rakursny in the upper hemisphere, the full sector review;

- Mode of air combat;

- Passive reception.

Maintenance Mode:

- Support to pass;

- Support of a single target;

- Warning of missiles and missile maintenance;

- Support the intended target.

Modes of target identification:

- Definition gosprinadlezhnosti goal of its radar features;

- Recognition of targets in a group structure;

- Identification at long range.

2. In actions against ground targets

Modes of imaging the earth's surface:

- Obtaining images using a conventional beam;

- Obtaining images using Doppler narrowing of the beam;

- Detection meteoobrazovany;

- Mode of the lighthouse.

Regimes of coherent review of the Earth's surface:

- Synthetic aperture;

- Selection of moving ground targets;                                                                  

- Allocation of tactical objectives.                                                                                  

Navigation modes:                                                     

- Follow the terrain;

- Circled over obstacles;

- Measurement of speed;

- Positioning the aircraft.

The composition of the radar consists of three main subsystems: the active phased array (AFAR), a receiver with stabilized oscillator and signal processor.

Choice (APAA) for radar aircraft  ATF  because it has several advantages compared with arrays with mechanical scanning. For example, the conventional antenna with mechanical scanning is not compatible with stealth, as is a flat reflecting surface that forms when scanning a strong echo in the direction of incident radar of the enemy. AFAR is a fixed system, its plane can be tilted at an angle relative to the most probable directions of irradiation other aircraft radar, which excludes the occurrence of strong reflective signals in these areas.

In the radar beam APAA switching from one direction to another within the entire field of view is carried out within a few seconds. Therefore, in such radars change modes is almost instantaneous.For example, you can speed the transition from the target tracking, located in any angular direction, to the detection mode with the search for speed at the other angular direction. These modes are implemented consistently, but so quickly that creates the effect of simultaneous operation of the radar in several modes. In technical terms on the radar plane  ATF    had provided the following alternate modes:

support to pass, the search for the definition of range, the search for speed, follow the terrain and obstacles flyby, mapping.

Another advantage is the possibility of AFAR regimes, characterized by low probability of intercept radar signal reconnaissance and warning systems, installed on the target. There are several methods to ensure this. The main one involves the emission signals of limited capacity.After detection of the target exposure rate is reduced to the minimum required for its maintenance, and continues to decline as a rapprochement with her. You can also change the signals in space, time and frequency, making it difficult to detect the enemy a source of specific signals in the presence of all others. It should be noted that the research methodology to ensure a low probability of intercept signals AFAR classified.

Another advantage of the radar AFAR is that he can work as two or more antennas and systems used to counter electronic warfare (EW) of the enemy. For example, if the noise created by the remote transmitter, the transceiver modules of the antenna array can be allocated to generate a reset signal on the same wavelength, but with a phase shift to avoid jamming the gate.

The main disadvantages of APAA is its high cost and other factors (divided into subapertures, processing speed with a large number of modules AFAR, etc.) that affect the characteristics of radar AFAR.

With the price of one module costs $ 500 AFAR make $ 1 million in the presence of APAA 2000 modules. For aircraft worth $ 35 million this amount is considered high, despite a decrease in costs of operation and maintenance.

Under the program    SSPP    AFAR for radar aircraft   ATF    develops firm Texas Instruments   (USA), which in April 1983 awarded the contract for the establishment of an antenna array type SSPA ( Solid State Phased Array - Solid-state phased array). Manufacturing AFAR was completed in July 1987 and in May 1988 it was supplied by Westinghouse    (USA) for interconnecting with other equipment.

Active phased array consists of 198O transceiver modules. The structure of each module includes a phase shifter, power amplifier for signal and low noise preamplifier to receive them. Output power 2 watts.

Diameter AFAR 81.3 cm, weight 219.1 kg, the volume of 0.275 cubic meters, power dissipation is 8278 Watts, coolant flow 11.3 l / min.

To control the phase of each module is used Five digit control device, in addition, the formation of the beam, each module can be enabled or disabled. For transmission and reception are separate waveguide connections. Overall management of the beamforming is carried out using four independent computer based on microprocessors, each of which controls one quadrant of the APAA.

To supply the APAA are four power supply voltage of 7 VDC. Each of these sources feeds transceiver modules one quadrant of the aperture. Additionally, a combined power supply ± 5 V with switching circuits of approximately 50 kHz. Weight of power supply APAA with the interface block 140.6 kg, the volume of 0.565 cubic meters, power dissipation is 3800 watts of cooling air flow rate 3800 kg / min coolant flow 14.3 l / min.

Since the beginning of 1989 the company   Texas Instruments      and   Westinghouse , and  Hughes   conducted a four-year work program aimed at creating an industrial technology of transceiver modules, and to bring their value up to $ 400 at the rate of production one thousand units per day.

The received energy flows through the low noise amplifier in each module in the eight-antenna receiver. The four channels are directly related to AFAR, and the remaining four are used as backup and support functions.

The composition of the receiving device includes 43 modules, of which two modules - switch / low noise amplifier; 19 modules - Receiver with sampling, transforming phase and quadrature output signals into digital form; six modules - the controller and three modules - the timing unit, and six modules - power sources.

Modules that make up the receiver, are placed in three rows on the panel, which includes their liquid cooling. For cooling modules are attached to the petals of heat exchangers, located on each side of the panel, with the help of wedge-shaped clamps. The refrigerant enters the rear of the block and heads a six heat exchangers in accordance with the amount of energy dissipated by the modules.

In the radar has stabilized generator, which generates the excitation signal transmission modules.

Weight of receiver / generator stabilized 90.7 kg, volume of 0.074 cubic meters, power dissipation 2300 W, coolant flow 8.3 l / min.

The output of the receiver data in digital form are received in the signal processor, where they are allocated signals goal. The processor is built on technology   VHSIC , which can improve performance 50-100 times compared with processors built on the basis of existing technology.Weight 104.3 kg processor, the amount of 0.116 cubic meters, power dissipation is 2175 watts of cooling air flow rate 3.7 kg / min.

In developing the radar a lot of attention paid to its reliability and maintenance. MTBF radar should be 400-500 h. This level of reliability is achieved without the use of redundancy, since all radar units have high reliability. Thus, the SSS for the antenna is 2500 h, and the SSS to the processor signal processing - approximately 1000 hours remaining, are part of the radar units will have FDN about 1250 hours, which will provide the desired reliability with MTBF 400 hours interval between maintenance cycles of 100 hours

When working radar, even the failure of up to 5% of the modules AFAR hardly leads to poor performance radar, which also greatly increases its reliability.

In addition, the antenna is constructed on the basis of solid-state transmitters capable of replacing a powerful transmitter on the traveling wave tube, which is one of the major sources of failures in the existing radar.

Range Radar 90 - 185 km, the mass of 553.7 kg, the power consumption of 16,533 watts, the volume of 0.565 cubic meters, the flow of cooling air 4.38 kg / min. coolant flow 33.9 l / min.

------------

CEA personal protection

The project is the U.S. Air Force tactical fighter perspective (ATF), which resulted in a program to create the F-22, set for developers of electronic warfare (EW) is very complex problems.First, aerial targets, representing the main threat to the fighter, moving with great speed, which complicates their identification, location and maintenance. Yes, and high speed of the F-22 also shortens the time to intercept. With regard to stealth technology, it is still in the 80 years it was concluded that the plane was made by this technology can not survive on the battlefield but at the expense of a lower effective surface scattering. Only classical means of obtaining information about the situation in the air - a powerful surveillance radars - can negate the advantages of stealth, stealth technology, provided: a continuous search in a large volume of space is not very compatible with the concept of a low probability of intercept signals of the opponent. In addition, the stealth technology will be of little use if the fighter for the identification of targets should be nearer to her up to a distance visibility. Therefore, great importance has bezzaprosnoe target identification.
Solving these problems is to merge information from sensors on board the F-22, the main of which - APG-77 radar company Northrop Grumman and a passive receiver system ALR-1994 the firm Sanders. The fighter also has two data transmission systems: one with a standard meter / decimeter, another - low-power communication link with a low probability of interception, which connects two or more F-22 fighters, held a small distance from each other. All these sensors are connected to a common integrated processor blocks placed in front of the fuselage, where their data are compared in azimuth, elevation and range and combined in a file tracking. The final target image is obtained by selecting the most accurate information from the source. For example, the passive system can provide the most accurate azimuth data, and radar - the most accurate range.
Software to control the operation of the processor radar APG-77 in accordance with the principles of controlling radiation. As a result of changes in probing signals in power, duration and direction of radiation flyer provides information about the situation in the air while minimizing the likelihood that these signals would be intercepted by the enemy.
Integration of information from sensors and emission control are closely linked. The fuller use a data link system and ALR-1994 to create and update the tactical picture, the less the need for radar. Important role in protecting against the enemy by means of support given to the communication line with a low probability of interception, which allows any fighter to the F-22 in flight to provide radar data to other aircraft.
Radar APG-77 has an active electronically scanned array containing about 1200 units of transmitters and receivers. Due to such a large number of transmitters APG-77 can operate as multiple radar simultaneously. In addition, the station is able to quickly change the shape of the beam, and her foster-ins - to work in passive mode (only in reception). The station is at the same time, with different frequency data update on the aims within its field of vision. The fighter F-22 included provisions for the space, weight and cooling for the installation of additional lateral Athene grids on either side of the nose. The presence of these gratings will provide radar overlap within a nearly 270 °. Fighter F-22 has no special systems of interference, but the array stations APG-77 can be used to generate powerful beams of interference in some frequency range.
ALR-94 - the most effective passive system, which is ever installed on board the destroyer. In her more than 30 antennas located in the wings and fuselage, which provides for all ranges overlap in the range of 360 °. The system can detect, follow and identify target long before it will detect the radar at a distance of 460 km or more. During the approach to a distance of not less than 180 km provides target designation for the APG-77 using a system-generated ALR-1994 file support. As a result, the onboard radar detects and follows the target with the help of a very narrow beam (2x2 ° in azimuth and elevation planes).
ALR-1994 system is accompanied by radiation sources with high priority, such as fighter planes at close range, in real time. In the narrow band of alternating search and tracking radar is only used to ensure accurate data about the distance and speed to prepare for missile attack. If the enemy aircraft recklessly will enact its radar system ALR-1994 provides all the information necessary for air combat missile launch medium-range AIM-120 and its guidance until hitting the target.
ALR-1994 determines the direction, type of threat and distance to it, and then calculates the distance at which the enemy radar can detect the F-22. All data are on-board displays, and the pilot is provided timely information for the graphic maneuvers to protect the aircraft. On-screen main display marks the fire-control radar anti-aircraft missiles and radar early warning are enclosed in a circle, which indicate their estimated effective range of fire.
The fighter F-22 does not provide installation of electro-optical systems for target identification because it is believed that the pilot of sufficient funds for recognition for any purpose, whether active or passive, outside visibility.
Develop a system board of CEA personal protective equipment for fighter aircraft F-22 proved to be very complicated and time-consuming problem, so when you create it was taken into account experience of other similar projects. So, initially, all software was created for the same hardware using the same compilers and operating systems. This allowed us to avoid the problems associated with the integration of the hardware.
Tests complete on-board electronic warfare systems are held in three stages: in the terrestrial laboratory integration of avionics, then - on board the Boeing 757, used as a flying laboratory, and finally - to test samples of F-22. The composition of terrestrial laboratory includes tower with the attached sensors. In a flying laboratory wing is adapted for mounting full-size antenna in the proper orientation. Inside the cabin - the complete set of blocks integral processor to perform the tests with a pilot in the control loop and a few workstations. Tests on board the Boeing 757 is much cheaper than at the F-22 fighter.
The first set of sensor units were installed on the Boeing 757 in 1998, and testing began in December of that year. Then use software tools Block-1, allowing detection of any emerging problems during testing, so that in future not have to rewrite the software themselves. From October 1999 to use software tools Block-2, which will ensure the integration of certain functions of apparatus EW, communications, navigation and identification (CNI). The most advanced version of the software - Block 3.0 firm Sanders, intended to merge the information from the radar, electronic warfare equipment and subsystems CNI. Block 3.0 version supports the work of the receiver warning radar exposure, electronic intelligence equipment, and performing search and tracking using an antenna with a narrow radiation pattern. In the development of Block 3.0 firm Sanders widely used simulator company Comptek Amherst Systems worth $ 19 million The most difficult problem was to model the simultaneous receipt of the F-22 Raptor hundreds of radio frequency signals, each receiving antenna in the aircraft must maintain the proper amplitude and relative phase shift to determine the angle of arrival. Simulator uses thousands of microprocessors for commercial purposes with the use of fiber-optic lines. The volume of high-speed RAM is almost 40 GB total capacity exceeds 500,000 mln.instruktsy / s, which corresponds approximately 5,000 PC-based processor Pentium.
Results of tests Block 3.0 on board the F-22 were to be used as a criterion for acceptance in the middle of December 2000 a decision on moving towards initial production of a small number of fighter jets air superiority.
 

Electronics: Science, Technology, Business 4 / 2001

----------------

Chapter from the book "American fifth-generation fighter,

Kudishin IV 2002

Lockheed Martín »F-22" Raptor "
EVOLUTION OF THE PROJECT

When the U.S. Air Force began to identify with the requirements of the new fighter to replace F-15 aircraft, the geopolitical situation was very different from today. The Soviet Union still existed, and Iraq was only a minor Asian country. Large regional conflict was considered less likely than confrontation superpowers as a potential threat to U.S. security.
When the requirements were established in 1981, F-15 was in service only six years, but the command of the U.S. Air Force has already taken into account the potential threat posed by the latest Soviet aircraft, which, coupled with excellent air defense system to strike at U.S. aircraft on basing its airfields. When the F-22 entered service in 2004, F-15 will be in service for 30 years, but the threat in a way that both of these aircraft were originally designed, already seems to have never materialized.
«F-22 is progressive with respect to the F-15 and in traditional areas, having low visibility, high speed and maneuverability, but in non-traditional areas is truly revolutionary," - says Berbeydzh.Range of tasks the aircraft compared to its predecessor has doubled, but the main advantage is its unique capacity of the aircraft onboard computer - 10,5 billion operations per second with a 300 MB memory with 200-percent expansion.
When in 1983, began conceptualizing the program ATF, the basic requirements for new aircraft have already been cleared as a whole - including low visibility, long range and the possibility of supersonic cruise flight. These requirements were intended to reduce the time to respond to a hostile, anti-aircraft and increase the ability to penetrate deep into the enemy's defenses. Much attention was paid to the maneuverability of the goats she had brought the possibility of short takeoff and landing - to save money and weight design.
The cost is already at that time was an important criterion, and in 1986 the Air Force changed the original plan for ATF by successive approximations to the principle of "first flight prior to purchase for the two alternative competitive aircraft. Criterion of "cost - effectiveness" has become a major when determining which parameters can be "squeezed" from the aircraft at a cost bounded by $ 35 million, while reducing technical risk prior to full-scale development program.
Firm Lockheed Martin was one of seven companies whose concepts meet the specified criteria for "cost - effectiveness. In 1986 she teamed up with companies, Boeing and General Dynamics. " According to the signed agreement between them, the winner of the contest will be the lead developer with approximately equal division of the scope of work. In October 1986, Lockheed Martin has received an order to design and build a prototype of the F-22, and the firm "Northrop", teamed with McDonnell Douglas - a prototype alternative F-23 fighter.
 

Assembly of prototypes
 

Plant "Skunk Works" company "Lockheed produced two prototypes, the first of which flew in September 1990 as the main contractor, the firm Lockheed was responsible for the integration of avionics and military complex and the production of forward fuselage. Firm Boeing has made the wing and rear fuselage, and also developed some avionics. "General Dynamics has delivered an average of the fuselage, tail and some avionics systems (avionics).
Conditions of the competition involves not only the flight prototype, both team benches built for testing avionics, new materials and technologies for a future program production. Air Force decision about winning one of the teams was not based on the "duel" between two alternative prototypes, and the complex of flight data, the level of technology and the cost of production.
The team, led by Lockheed Martin, has made the greatest possible success in this phase. During more than 90 flight test program chasrvoy two prototype YF-22 demonstrated the ability to cruise supersonic flight with more than 1,5 M, maneuvers with the angle of attack of 60 ° with thrust vector control and shooting missiles AIM-9 and AIM-120. Externally, the prototypes were very similar to that proposed in the project configuration, the cabin had MFDs. Aircraft equipped with by-wire control system (FBWCS) and an electronic control system onboard system designed for use on production machines.
In addition, the airline was created - flying laboratory (LL) based on the Boeing 757 to demonstrate the capabilities of integrated avionics in flight, in combination with ground-based testing facility.
Requirements for further development have been formulated in December 1990 after testing of both aircraft equipped with participating in the contest turbofan engines, Pratt & Whitney »F-119 and General Electric» F-120. All four combinations of airframe and power plant to satisfy the requirements of the contest, but in April 1991 the Air Force determined the winner - a prototype of the F-22 engine F-119 as the most profitable on the cost parameters with minimal risk.
The team of companies led by Lockheed Martin, has won an order worth 9.55 billion dollars for further development of the F-22 aircraft in August 1991 At the same time the firm Pratt & Whitney has received an order worth 1.4 billion dollars the development of turbofan F-119. At that time planned to build a pilot series of 11 aircraft (two doubles). To date, nine pre-production aircraft is built, all singles. A two-seater version of the program collapsed.
Advance booking on 648 Air Force aircraft, including twin F-22B, was subsequently cut by up to 438 single-seater due to the uncontrolled growth of value.
 

CHANGING REQUIREMENTS
 

Originally the order was for 750 Air Force aircraft, Navy at one time expressed an interest to deck variant ATF, planning to buy 550 cars. From second order was abandoned in favor of continuing the program stormtrooper "General Dynamics" "McDonnell-Douglas A-12 . Upon cancellation of this program the Navy had proposed a project to develop the F-22, which satisfies the requirements for the aircraft deck A / FX , but soon it annulled.
Flight tests of the F-22 engines with the F-119 continued in October 1991, collected information about the loads and the systems for further use in the program. The tests continued until April 1992 when the plane crashed. The prototype has not been restored to flying condition, it is currently used to determine the effective surface scattering (EPR). This aircraft has been modified, it is now seemingly repeats the form of production aircraft.
The first series of changes to the schedule of the program occurred in January 1993 due to cuts in the military budget. Decreased from 11 to 9 the number of pre-production aircraft, but the two two-seater is still planned. Number of engines F-119 for the tests was reduced from 33 to 27.Development of double modification was officially terminated the Air Force in July 1996 as a measure to conserve resources. But the number of pre-production and production vehicles remained unchanged. In January 1997, the program has changed again. Construction of four pre-production machines was canceled - so the number of aircraft scheduled to be built has dropped to 438. Period of production with a small ramp was extended from four to five years, during this period is now planned to build at 90, and 70 cars.
 

Reconfiguration
 

In the course of the program in the aircraft structure have been several changes, mainly related to weight reduction and EPR. In March 1994, it was stated that EPR aircraft does not meet due to a loose fitting manhole gear and weapons bays and hatches service. The problem was solved by combining the hatches, reduce the number of drainage holes in the bottom of the fuselage and the introduction of a new computerized system of care.
Firm Lockheed Martin has begun testing a model for the EPR measurements at the site in Helendeyle (California) in November 1996 and their results Tom Berbeydzh said that the F-22 meets or exceeds the requirements for the value of the EPR.
In 1996 it was officially announced that the plane was an F-22 will be named "Raptor" - "eagle".Earlier fighter wore informal names "Superstar" and later - "Lightning-2", in honor of the famous double-girder lokhidovskogo fighter during World War II.
 

TEAMWORK
 

The three companies merged to create the F-22, knowing that only their joint work culminated in the launch vehicles in series production.
At the stage of R & D costs and the work was divided equally between firms Lockheed, Boeing and General Dynamics. " After absorption by Lockheed branch Dzherenal Daynemiks "in Fort Worth, its share in the program increased to 67.5%. The main contractors of the program are: the firm Lockheed-Martin Aeronotikal Systems »(LMAS) in Marietta (GA), Department of Lockheed Martin Gektikl Aircraft Systems (LMTAS) in Fort Worth (Texas) and the separation of the Boeing Military Eyrpleynz" in Seattle (Washington). Stakes remain unchanged. Work on manufacturing components, assemblies and units are distributed among these firms, but in the creation, integration, testing, avionics and software for it, all three members of the program on an equal part in every aspect of operations. Between them has excellent co-operation.

Areas of responsibility of companies were busy early in the program. Currently LMAS is responsible for the overall integration of weapons systems, the production of the forward fuselage and tail, as well as for final assembly. LMTAS produces the central section of the fuselage, and developed control systems: electric, hydraulic, fuel and weapons control. She is also responsible for the integration of communications, navigation and identification purposes, and electronic warfare systems. This member firms has also developed and uses the system simulator "Iron Bird" and the fuel system simulator. She has also developed a stand aerobatic aircraft F-22. 

Manufacturer Boeing manufactures the rear fuselage, wing, install the engine and auxiliary power unit (APU). In her area of ​​responsibility as the development of radar and integrated avionics testing. Available LL firm based Boeing-757 for testing control systems of F-22. Fire alarm system and portable life support system is also being developed by Boeing.

In total, the program involved more than 80 companies, integrated design environment combines them, bringing great benefits for the conjugation of products manufactured by them.

According Berbeydzha in the aircraft structure to apply the latest advances in technology that allow to combine low visibility, high performance characteristics (LTH), and full ownership of a combat situation, at any time. Aperture, allowing on-board sensors to obtain information, while remaining invisible to the enemy, are "all the latest technological advances that are applied on an airplane" - he said.
In the wind tunnel on the F-22 is "something more than just a replacement for the F-15" - said Berbeydzh. The low value of pest resistance in combination with high thrust provides the opportunity of a supersonic cruise without afterburner inclusion, which reduces visibility and increases the infrared range. "Untied" to maneuver the F-22 includes items such as flight with an angle of attack of 60 ° at a speed of 150 km / h while maintaining lateral control.
"If the F-22 entered into a dogfight with an overload on turns 9, it means we did something wrong," - says Berbeydzh, as the concept of use is formulated as a "first saw the first shot, first shot down", it implies the possibility of detect, identify and destroy targets, outside the reach of their means of detection. Objectives will be detected by passive sensors on their radiation or by transferring information about them from another F-22 AWACS aircraft through the bus data transfer. The radar will be used in rare cases, short pulses. Objectives will be sorted by priority and then the list will be issued for display.
Pilot only indicates the cursor on the target list, after which the fuselage weapons bays along it will be launched missile AMRAAM - the main weapon of the F-22.
 

DESIGN FEATURES
 

Berbeydzha colleague, program manager for "F-22 from the U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Michael Mucha, said the role of computer data processing for the creation of the F-22:" Throughout the process of creating an aircraft used by the most modern design environment, which resulted in tangible cost savings - he said.
Application of CAD CATIA and simulating stand SOMOK whole team plane makers, including subcontractors, provided an impeccable match each other parts and components manufactured in different places.
Final assembly of the aircraft went smoothly. The main assembly units were assembled in a few hours.
All contractors used the same computers and software, working in a single network. Firm TRW, for example, has developed software, tested it on a real digital computer, and then siphoned it over the network to the company, Boeing, where it was installed on the same onboard computer with the same operating system and tested in the laboratory integration of avionics.
The architecture allows the onboard computer to replace aging elements of the new life-cycle aircraft. Plug-ins allow the aircraft to improve as rapidly improving electronic technology.
About 40% of engine test bench, Pratt & Whitney »F-119 occurred in the conditions of simulated altitude and speed at the Center of the U.S. Air Force. Arnold, which is almost the flight test.
"Highly automated engines were tested at the early stages of the program in order to obtain maximum data on the spectrum of modes of operation of the engine" - Walt said Byles, senior vice president of program F-119 from the firm "Prat & Whitney." This allowed us to avoid a number of routine problems are usually in the development of a new engine. Computational gas dynamics has been widely used in the F-119 in recognizing and solving many problems.
The program has undergone restructuring in early 1997 to extend the phase of R & D and reduce the cost of implementing a series. Change in the schedule was intended to reduce the risk of failure of probation on-board equipment.
Preparation of series production aircraft F-22 was supposed to end, according to the original schedule, in March 2003, the estimated cost of the program by this time amounted to 18.7 billion dollars Average cost of one machine in prices in 1996 was 72 million dollars, but 2000, despite the measures taken to reduce the cost, this figure had risen to $ 93 million
 

POWERED BALANCE
 

Equilibrium - is the most frequently used word in the program of the F-22. The plane is the compromise, the balance of qualities such as combat effectiveness, invulnerability, easy maintenance, quick response, etc. Combine all this was extremely difficult.
Initially, the main requirement was a combination of low visibility, high speed and maneuverability of the plane, which combat effectiveness and simplicity of the service will be at least twice the machine for replacement which it was intended. Some money was simply to balance - for example, the requirement to place all internal fuel without PTB on the external suspension, which reduced radar visibility and resistance in a supersonic cruise flight. Cruising mode engine at supersonic speed to minimize the time of the settling chamber and reduced visibility of the IR.A.vot combination of low visibility with high mobility was more problematic.
When in August 1990 at "SkankUorks" manufactured the first prototype F-22 became clear the approach the firm Lockheed-Martin to the problem of balancing the requirements. The form of the aircraft is optimized to reduce the ESR, all edges and outside corners are oriented parallel to the front and rear edges of the wing, and to increase the maneuverability of the aircraft had four tail surfaces, thrust vectoring and high drop-shaped lantern.
Sherm Mullin, who is responsible for the initial development phase of the F-22, and now president of the Skunk Works, said that in 1987 the aircraft has undergone a radical redesign, take three months.
This occurred after the scheme proposed initially, was "unacceptable both from a technical point of view and in terms of competition." External differences between the F-22 from the prototype minimal.
The main ideas laid down in the project are integrated aerodynamics and propulsion system - to achieve a supersonic cruise speed and maneuverability, a smooth transition from the wing to the fuselage to increase the efficiency of construction and growth of the internal fuel tanks, a form conducive to a decrease in the ESR, as well as construction of the air intakes, contributing to the growth characteristics and stealth, while structurally simple.
Wing shape in plan, is close to orthorhombic, was chosen because of its simplicity and strength and a large volume tanks, caissons, while a relatively large area of ​​the wing increases agility and improves takeoff and landing characteristics (field surgery). Lift includes slats across the front edge, and the ailerons and flaperons at the trailing edge.
Four surfaces of the tail assembly provide control in the range required to achieve "unlimited" maneuverability. Nozzles with thrust vector control (UHT) play the role of additional horizontal tail (GO). According to Mullin, UHT added 15-25 kg nozzle, while an equivalent increase in the area GO would add 180 kg of weight. SWT is carried out only in pitch and always symmetrical.At high angles of attack SWT is used to control the pitch, while the stabilizer - for roll control.
The chief-pilot of an F-22 Paul Metz notes that increases the efficiency of UHT GO. The aircraft is designed to be run aerodynamic surfaces over the entire range of angles of attack, but at high angles of attack SWT is much better. UHT system enabled all the time, but it applies only at low speeds and high angles of attack, and not always - in the battle. SWT is used for takeoff and landing, as well as to reduce the load on the nose landing gear with suspension of PTB, "- says Metz.
Casement air intakes - cutter boundary layer is also used to control the pitch. Intakes have no moving wedges, despite the fact that the maximum Mach number for an aircraft larger than 2.Folds has a sawtooth leading edge to reduce the ESR, and the channels are designed to completely eliminate the line of sight of the first stage compressor.

CHANGES IN PROJECT
 

After determining the external configuration of the aircraft in 1992 he was made a few changes.Wingspan increased to improve the maneuvering characteristics and reduce drag, wing sweep on the leading edge of the reduced again, to increase maneuverability.
Section thickness reduced to decrease the resistance of the combustion chamber air inlets and paths have been upgraded to improve the maneuverability of a supersonic, wing tips gave another angle of the kink in the plan to increase the field of antennas at the ends of the wing.
Shortening the fuselage helped save a lot, moving the air intakes back to improve manageability and visibility from the cockpit. The latter was modified and moved forward, and to improve the review down.
Redesigning the bow was designed to improve performance and reduce the ESR radar.
Vertical tail was reduced in area by 20% after a course of flight tests revealed that the SD-22 keels on the area more than necessary. Brake pads have been eliminated, instead they use the scheme of symmetric deviations rudders. The shape of CSOs in terms of change to reduce the ESR, while maintaining the area.
As a result, the plane turned out similar in size to the F-15, but it carries the same number of units of weapons in internal suspension takes more fuel is on board providing all the equipment. The mass of the aircraft such as the F-15. Production aircraft at 4500 pounds lighter than the prototype. Mass characteristics were not mentioned in the specifications, but the struggle for weight saving is always placed as the main criterion for any project LA, as a measure to achieve high LTH and cost savings.
Weight F-22 was larger than expected, but the aircraft has satisfied all the requirements of the customer. Measures to reduce the mass were therefore shelved in favor of the development of efficient production technologies. The mass of the aircraft is frozen, its further reduction can be achieved only with additional funding.
 

With a focus on Human
 

Using the tactical capabilities of the pilot - the basic concept of using the F-22.
Interface pilot and aircraft - is the most correct and accurate description of the main part of the new technologies applied on the plane. Cab F-22 is an indication of the achievements of the team of developers in the integration of human and machine.
The cabin has one-piece lamp set modernized ejection seat ACES II. Pilot wears a specially designed high-altitude pressure suit. Management is carried out on a "hands on throttle and ENG.RUS is on the right arm of the chair. On the dashboard are flat MFDs. Thus, the pilot does not act as operator of sensors, as well as manager of the flight task.
Pilot requests information and on-board electronics responds to the request, using sensors in its sole discretion.
Pilot does not include the one or the other sensor, it only sets the desired level of emissions - the passive mode, a low probability of interception or active, which should work emitting sensors.
When the target is approaching, it is estimated the membership and / or the degree of threat.According to the priority objectives of sensors gather about her the additional information required for making the decision to pilot an attack or evasion. At any time the pilot can switch the scope of interest of sensors from one object to another.
The highest priority objectives are introduced in "shooting list", which is adopted or amended the pilot, and the system will give an introduction to the attack of a target missile AMRAAM.
Information is displayed on the three displays, using icons and accessories such purpose. The concept was tested on the ground simulator, during the "flight" on it semi-skilled pilots achieve the highest results. Chief pilot Paul Metz said: "Well processed information appears before you in the form of colored labels and symbols that are perceived in the level of intuition."
Tested and a system of symbols for display of threat. There are five different icons LA - fighter of high technology, low-tech fighter aircraft, bombers, transport aircraft and a helicopter. It used to take "catch" the cursor icon threat to determine its nature.
Classification purposes is made on the seven parameters of the data, six of which are classified.Identification is made according to parameters such as radar-emission targets, counting the number of first-stage compressor blades using radar, as well as through a system of communication, navigation and identification.
All control functions have been entrust a special subsystem and withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the pilot. According Berbeydzha, running engines is reduced to five steps - insert the cartridge exchange of information, including the battery, insert the auxiliary power unit (APU), put the throttle on a small gas lamp close. All checkout operations in aircraft engines are made automatically.
In-flight response to failures of systems are also automated. Engineering functions are removed from the pilot. If, for example, the engine pompazhiruet it off and re-starts automatically. If he does not start, the pilot asked about the possibility of reducing, the inclusion of MAT and try to run. Pilot informs the car cease attempts to run, putting the appropriate throttle the rear position.
Integrated warning system to inform the pilot reports on how failures affect the performance of the task. Request through the main display is on a small display at the bottom of the list of measures to block out of which the pilot selects the right in its sole discretion. Avionics performs selected automatically.
 

SAFE ejection
 

On the F-22 will be easy to fly, aircraft systems are made safe for the user. Pilots do not have to worry about even such factors as loss of control, peregruzhivanie design, etc. At the RUD and RUS are 20 buttons and a joystick control with 63 functions that allow you to control systems, without taking your hands off the handles.
The lantern has no bindings for reasons of secrecy and improve visibility. Material is transparent polycarbonate. The form of lamp eliminates visual distortion due to the minimal number of surfaces with double curvature. During the test lamp on the lamp ptitseustoychivost deformed and cracked, breaking the light on the windshield (HUD). Currently, ILS vendor, the firm "GEC -Marconi is developing an improved model of ILS, which will not only withstand such shocks, but also to cover the pilot of the incoming flow for dropped canopy at speeds up to 1100 km / h. The lantern is closed and sealed by turning the front, moving in a closed position a little forward. When shooting in an emergency flashlight, first shift back and then thrown up by the solid propellant, which is located under a skylight latticed front dashboard. Separated from the aircraft, the lamp does not fall randomly, his fall is stabilized in such a way that is guaranteed to get him away from the trajectory of the pilot ejection. Modification of the standard ACES II ejection seat class 0-0 is to install new clamps for hands and quickly triggered a stabilizing parachute. Chair provides safe ejection at speeds up to 1100 km / h. During the movement of the chair on the guide rails pilot securely in the chair grid-locks. Immediately after the exit from the guide chute fire back-stabilizer to prevent the entrance of the chair rotation. This, in turn, safeguard against injury to the pilot seat unbalanced rotation. For a sequence of actions corresponds chip built into the seat, which can always be verified on the ground.
For the F-22 was first developed Manpack life support system pilot. It allows the pilot with no signs of fatigue or discomfort to spend much time at high altitudes, the main problem was that to protect the pilot from the chemical-biological threat to his costume consisted mostly of plastic. It was necessary to give it a thermal protector. Its role is greatly increased when the pilot alight on water. If you don chemical protection suits, insulated coveralls, pressure suit and thermal protection, then climb into the cockpit, not to mention the fact that to a dogfight, is quite problematic. Situation needs to be changed.
Manpack life support system for the F-22 consists of two parts - actually wearable and on-board. The latter includes an oxygen generator firm Normaleyr Garrett "and unified system of regulation of respiration and compensation for congestion, which serves to maintain respiration with positive pressure gradient and to compensate for the outflow of blood from the brain at high loads.
Manpack part includes a system for cooling the air. On special path conditioned air enters the body of the pilot. Its temperature can be adjusted from 13 to 32 ° C. The pilot costume designed by firms, "Boeing" and "META RESEARCH. He plays the role of thermal protection and chemical protection, and also works as a shield from the fire.
To suit the pilot put on high-altitude pressure suit, helping to overcome the effect of overload and playing the role of chemical protection. Antigravity bandage covering his legs and lower torso. It provides the pilot an opportunity to move freely.
Flying helmet, lightweight and durable, can catapult at speeds up to 1100 km / h. He developed a British firm "Helmet Systems." The helmet has a system of insulation and stabilizing the helmet-mounted optics.
New suit pilot lighter than its ancestor, it is easier to use and does not require additional portions for flights over water and chemical protection.
 

INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION
 

The struggle for air superiority, combined with secrecy puts heavy demands on avionics, which can only be satisfied through the integration of all systems, introduced on the F-22. Information is collected bit by bit, in terms of minimal radiation, with narrowly focused beams, sensors, which are either generally passive, or included in a split second.
The integration consists of three components: the fact that the pilot sees, how the system works, and how the combined first and second. Quest for the air superiority of low visibility can not be done without integration at all three levels. For pilot integration means all of the information displayed on one screen, but this requires a strong and functional integration of the aggregate.
Integrated Avionics F-22 provides the pilot information about the environmental situation, assuming all the functions of management and control systems.
The concept of the avionics of F-22 is based on the comparison and processing of data from the sensors and the creation on their base a whole picture, which is used by the system to assess the situation and making it available to the pilot and for issuing commands to the sensors, additional information gathering. As sensors are used:
- Multi-mode radar with electronic scanning and phased array antenna phased array consisting of 2000 modules transmit / receive Northrop Grumman »APG-77
- EW system, which includes a subsystem to prevent exposures to radar and missile launch detection firm Lockheed-Martin "/" Sanders " 
- Communication, navigation and identification (SSS), which includes the bus for data exchange between aircraft in flight, a joint tactical information distribution system and power "friend or foe" Mk.H II .
All signals from sensors and other data processed by two integrated processors Hughes.
Both processors are grouped together by fiber optics. The accommodation on board a third of the same processor.
By the way, with on-board computer F-22A is connected one of the most notorious scandals that occurred during the program. In 1996, when the configuration of the digital computer has been determined, it became clear that its basis is 48b-e processor companies Intel, at that time already out of production. Had to quickly change the architecture of the onboard computer, to redirect it to use the processor "Pentium".
For reasons of privacy software is stored in encrypted form on a data cartridge that is inserted into its slot pilot before the flight. When the engine is running the content is decrypted spetsmodulem cartridge and sent to the avionics using fiber-optic cables. In the case of the destruction of the aircraft all the software is discarded. Similarly, there is reconfiguring the system in case of failure of the processor module. Each of them has at least one backup module that is not involved in the usual way. In the case of a massive failure the pilot is given a menu system which turn off: for example, radars and battle set to return to the base or the navigation system and electronic warfare system - to exit from the battlefield.
Avionics Aircraft created in phases, stages, with the possibility of upgrading. The first plane with a full range of avionics, onboard 4004, began the testing program in August 1999, it installed the first stage of a complex avionics (No EW), which allowed to use no more than half the power of digital computer. Avionics second stage includes the radar with advanced capabilities, electronic warfare systems, and enhanced CHO. It has been prepared to board the first flight 4004 and was used to test data processing. The third stage will include all modes of operation of all sensors to allow production of electronic interference, and protivopomeh. Added two more stages - 3.1, implying the installation of receivers JDAM weapons systems and global satellite positioning systems, and 4 - with the installation of the transmitter of the global positioning system and helmet-mounted sight system with the possibility of using missiles AIM-9X. This stage will be implemented on the aircraft, which entered service in 2004
 

AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT
 

The team of designers of the complex arms perfectly cope with the demands of weight and cost, while keeping in mind that the F-22 will have to perform tasks not only related to air combat.
Firstly, it will be the job of bombing with high accuracy using KAB JDAM.
Despite the fact that the main armament of the aircraft is on the inside of the suspension, it is possible to hang under the wing of the four pylons for missiles and drop tanks, which extends the capabilities of the aircraft. 
Basically ventral weapons bay can accommodate 4 SD AIM-120A, or 6 SD "compact storage» AIM-9M. There is a 20-mm cannon with 480 rounds ammunition. Currently, the main weapon is a missile AIM-120A, but at the time of entry into service the aircraft in the series will launch AIM-120C with reduced aerodynamic surfaces. Each additional missile added 160 kg of dead weight and 45 kg weight starter.
Starter vertically catapulting the type of firm EDO missile AIM-120 has replaced the trapeze installed on the prototype. As a result, decreased the length of the compartment of weapons and was spared the weight. Requirements for start-up is very high - a rocket to be released from the compartment at any position of the aircraft and flight speed without shaking and spreads - the places in the compartment is very small. Starter should push the rocket out through the "concrete wall" boundary layer at supersonic speed.
The device has a stroke of 230 mm and fires a missile in less than a second. Drive - a mixed, Air hydraulic. Nomination made pneumatic actuator, descent rocket - gidrotolkatelem, after which the starter is removed. Closing the shutters cover possible after the withdrawal of missiles and extended starter. Pushing the starter going with an overload of 40 units and the rate of Pushing 8,1 m / sec. Maintenance on the ground provided a slow mode.
Trapeze launching missiles AIM-9 was developed by Lockheed-Martin. It is based on construction starting rails on the wingtips of the F-16. Trapeze puts a rocket into the stream, but not shoots her. The missile compartment is pulled out of the front of the outside - down at a slight angle to the centerline plane and the plane, to increase the viewing angle IR GOS. The rocket launched from a rail, gas from its nozzle reflected outward by deflector prevents damage to the electronics compartment, located behind the compartment for the AIM-9. To install new missiles on the plane AIM-9X will require only minor modifications.
In early 1999, the USAF issued by the firm Lockheed Martin and Boeing, "the task to develop measures to enhance the tactical capabilities of this aircraft. 
Performance to aircraft F-22 is still a fighter combat air with a fairly limited capacity to destroy ground targets. Of weapons air-to-earth "it can carry only two prospective KAB JDAM caliber 450 kg (on the inside suspension), and the ability to conduct long-range missile combat air drop sharply, since in addition to bombs, mostly gruzootseke aircraft may be placed only two missiles AMRAAM, while the outer suspension arms provided only for his transportation to the ferry option. ESR measurements of the F-22 with missiles on external sling showed unacceptable increase in the magnitude of the EPR, nullifies the low radar visibility of the aircraft, its main "trump card" in a dogfight and in overcoming the defense.
During the works to expand the tactical capabilities of F-22 was considered 31 case scenario combat missions in the combat use of the CRR JDAM. Result of the work was the development of changes and additions to software BTsVM aircraft, as well as making it possible to carry cluster bombs, filled with self-correcting miniature precision munitions, such as the 115-kg light perspective KAB.
These changes will be implemented, most likely in the fifth series airplanes, serial production is scheduled to begin in 2006, KAB JDAM will be able to carry the aircraft of the fourth series.
The ultimate goal of the work to expand the tactical capabilities of the F-22, according to program manager Robert Richardson will be a complete replacement of attack aircraft F-15E and F-117 F-22 fighters with advanced tactical possibilities. Thus, after the release of 339 aircraft F-22 is going to replace the fighter F-15C, mass production can be extended to provide the maximum unification of the park fighter and tactical strike aircraft the United States.
Nodes external load is assumed to apply for ferry flights or the conduct of hostilities in the low-intensity conflicts. They can be discharged to place four pylons carrying capacity of 2270 kg.Under each of them can be placed on the external fuel tank (PTB) with a capacity 2,270 liters. In addition to the tanks under each pylon can be hung on two AMRAAM missiles in the shipping configuration - without feathers. Alternative suspension under each pylon includes two AMRAAM missiles or A IM -9 in a combat configuration, or one bomb JDAM. Pylons once underwent a radical modernization to bridge flutter.
Rather than originally planned to use the PTB from the aircraft the F-15 is currently developing new tanks - apparently the same, but with the possibility of internal transfer of fuel to maintain the position of the center of mass (CM).
Above the right air intake for the doors, doors that open to fire, is an upgraded lightweight gunM61A-2. For the main weapons bays in the center of mass of the aircraft is slug compartment system bezzvenevoy supply of ammunition development of Lockheed Martin. " Cartridge cases returned to the bay for a minimum change of CM and to prevent damage to the aircraft structure thrown overboard sleeves.
 

CONTROL SYSTEM
 

High level design and integration has allowed the development team to meet the requirements of mass systems and their value by their "dismemberment" into subsystems.
Many of the traditional links between the systems were severed in order to obtain maximum benefit from integration. Management system, for example, includes integrated control systems of aircraft and engines. The integrated control system takes information about the systems through a data bus. These systems, as well as the suspension control system, have the form of blocks, installed in the onboard computer. For these three systems uses 18 blocks of processors manufactured by Texas Instruments ".
Aircraft control system developed by Lear Astroniks. It has a high rate of innovation and is very different from FBWCS previously used. F-22 - The first plane with trehkratnorezervirovannoy digital computerized GC, which has no mechanical or electrical redundancy. There are two hydraulic pressure to 276 kg/cm2 (according to other sources - 380 kg/cm2). Each control surface leads to only one cylinder to save weight.
Compensation system captures a control surface in a neutral position in case of failure of hydraulic cylinder drive.
Control system (CS) operates 14 aircraft surfaces: horizontal tail (GO), ailerons, flaperons, rudders, slats, flaps control air intake and air bypass doors. Restrictions on the angle of attack is not, however, overload, and the angular velocity of the roll have limitations depending on the mode of flight, the amount of fuel in the tanks and the suspension of cash to prevent peregruzhivaniya design. This is especially important for maintenance. While the F -16 has limitations only balanced load and can be overloaded by the angular velocity of the roll, the F-22 in the presence of a complete surge protection for all flight regimes. Pilot is not physically able to reload the aircraft.
Information about flight mode enters the digital computer system of unobtrusive sensors firm Rouzmaunt ", which includes two sensors the angle of attack, and four conformal panels in the nose of the aircraft. At angles of attack greater than 30 ° in the case of system failure at work consist of two laser-gyro inertial flight control and navigation system LN-100 "Litton" used to determine the angles of attack and drift.
Other functions of the SU aircraft include: cutting mode vzdergivaniya aircraft that is included with a sharp stick testify in the longitudinal direction, the air braking mode in which the additional resistance is created using the rudders, and ailerons flaperons, and preserving its essential functions, as well as the management of nasal stand in three modes: a small turning radius, large turning radius and mode samoorientirovaniya used when the "pipeline" - aborted landing.
Control of the aircraft with an integrated control system (ICS) has allowed to abandon their traditional instruments in the cockpit and additional displays. In the ICS include: electrical, hydraulic, fuel, air conditioning systems, life support system, APU, landing gear, brakes, cruise information, diagnostics, and monitor the structural integrity and load
Motor drives two generators with a capacity of 65 kW (F-22 consumes mostly DC) and two hydraulic pump with capacity of 270 l / min. MAT Allied Signal »G-250 has shaft horsepower 335 kW and brings the 27-kilowatt generator and a fuel pump (100 l / min), pumping the fuel out of the eight tanks in the front and middle of the fuselage, wing and tail boom in the supply tank receiver system in-flight refueling is a "spin" the fuselage and inoperative closed doors. The aircraft can refuel on the ground by gravity, without the use of ground fueling agretata (MAL).
"Fully integrated" climate system from Allied Signal supplies aircraft air-conditioned throughout the flight. It consists of three main components: the system of circulating air from the open cycle for cooling the avionics and boost the life support system, evaporative system with closed-loop liquid cooling for the avionics, including antennas, and the thermoregulatory system of fuel used as a refrigerant - to prevent its ignition.
The air is taken from the engines or APU, is cooled by the oncoming flow in the primary heat exchanger. Since the cooling of avionics should be performed since the start of engines in the path of cooling at zero speed the air is pumped into special compressors. Primary cooling air further refrezhiriruetsya and enters the blower system avionics, including to the aircraft control system and the ICS. Liquid cooling system keeps the temperature in the avionics bay of about +15 ° C and used as a refrigerant polialfaolifin. The fuel is cooled by the oncoming flow in a special heat exchanger, its temperature before it enters the engine is regulated by a special system.
Chassis firm "Menasco" are electrical and hydraulic SU. Braking system and front landing gear - digital. Braking system ensures the absence of Hughes's main wheels and prevents the wheels from locking up under braking during landing and taxiing.
System F-22 is designed to damage sustained in the same way as a glider, and every single failure can lead to failure of the system. Control channels are reserved, there are several independent sources of energy, power drives in most duplicated, so that the plane crash may result in only a few series of failures, say developers.
 

Propulsion
 

In the case of the F-22 supersonic cruise speed requirement meant to create a new power plant.Engine F-119-100 is TRDTSF low-pass ratio. Compared to the engine by Pratt & Whitney »F-100-200, installed on F-15 aircraft, it has 100% more static thrust without afterburner, and a 50% increase - in afterburner at supersonic speed. Amount of detail in it is less by 40%, while the reliability, maintainability and ease of operation it is better by 80%.
The requirement to achieve high thrust-weight ratio has been satisfied by applying the minimum possible number of steps that will positively impact the cost and weight, allowing a short and simple engine. The requirement for a supersonic besforsazhnomu have determined the value of margin of safety and efficiency units, and also led the founders to ask more-stress mode turbocharger than the F-100, while preserving the resource.
Contracts for the design of experimental and demonstration of engines for the program ATF issued to firms General Electric and Pratt & Whitney for three years prior to the program of the aircraft itself. The wording of contractual terms was the most common in order to establish a company parties freedom of action in terms of increased technical risk. For Pratt & Whitney "The contract included the design and construction of two samples of PW5000 engines, structures and installations for the testing of engine units.
Contracts for the construction of prototype engines were issued in June 1986, and became the PW5000 YF-119, and its competitor General Electric »GE-37 - YF-120. The decision by Pratt & Whitney to create an experimental engine in the "summer weight" minimized modifications for the F-119. The second prototype, equipped with these engines, took off in October, 1990 A month later the plane developed a supersonic speed besforsazhnom mode.
According to a spokesman for Pratt & Whitney, the design of the engine design was laid a few non-optimal value of the capacity of the turbocharger. But even without any changes, he has shown good performance. Was rapidly developed and tested on the ground a new fan. As a result, serial F-119 develops in 10-15% more traction with better efficiency.
The engine has a three-stage fan and compressor with integral six-disc monolithic steps to reduce weight. In addition, such a construction free from losses due to overflow of air at fixing blades