Antitank helicopter Mi-28

Serial Mi-28N has received the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.On the morning of February 7, 2008 in the 344th Combat Training Center and re-training the Army Air Forces in Torzhok held celebrations of the income of the first two series helicopter Mi-28N "Night Hunter".In the ongoing activities participated as part of the military led by the head of the Center General A. Yu Chernyayev, and numerous specialists of "Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant" to ensure the commissioning of future combat vehicles.
The solemn event marked the completion of an important phase of a multi-year employee of "Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant", their colleagues of "Rostvertol", where the mass production of the Mi-28N, as well as many other civilian and military helicopter aviation engaged in developing, testing, fine-tuning, upgrading and introduction into production and operation of this long demanded a highly effective and long-term military rotorcraft. 
The development of specialized stroke attack helicopter Mi-28 was launched under the leadership of General Designer of Mil and his receivers continued MNTishchenko, MV Weinberg, and other leaders of the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant.When you create a helicopter into account the entire experience of developing, testing and refining, production and practical application of military helicopters "Mi" brand, in the first place, the famous "helicopter-soldier" Mi-24.Transport-combat helicopter Mi-24 is in service with more than three dozen countries and has participated in nearly forty wars and armed conflicts.It is equally common in the world are, and other military "Mil" machine.For example, the Mi-8 helicopter (MI-17) is in service with eighty countries.The experience of foreign military helicopter also takes into account when creating the "Night Hunter".
Mi-28 program has coincided with a heavy time for our country's economic crisis was accompanied by numerous dramatic events.Funding for the program was discontinued, lapping helicopter suspended, etc.However, thanks to the joint efforts of many patriots of our homeland and enthusiasts helicopter aviation, the development of the Mi-28N "Night Hunter" was a complete success, the helicopter was the main part of the joint state tests, put into production and entered the army of the Army Air Forces of Russia.At present, the Mi-28N is the final stage of joint state tests and trial operation in the army during which the helicopter will be completed prior to completion of requirements the Air Force.Improvements will take not more than fifteen years, after which a decision on acceptance of this aircraft into service. 
According to the plans of the Russian Armed Forces Command, the Russian Air Force would buy each year for 10-15 cars with a subsequent increase in their number, so 2015 is fully updated home park by helicopter gunships.After manning the regiment in Torzhok begin deliveries to other military units, primarily in the Air Force division of the North Caucasian Military District.In addition to the Russian military interest in Mi-28N and show many foreign customers.
"The new attack helicopter Mi-28N for their performance characteristics superior to all foreign rotary-wing machines of the same class and fully meets the high requirements of modern combined arms battle" - said General Director of the holding company "Helicopters of Russia" AB Shibitov - "We hope created by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant "Night Hunter" for years will serve as a reliable "sword and shield," Army Aviation in Russia, as well as a source of stable income of our country through the international military-technical cooperation. "

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Work on the creation of the new Mi-28 began in 1982.The first prototype vehicle first flew on November 10, 1982.Mi-28 is a further development of the Mi-24 and is designed to replace it.The design support system is the same as that of the Mi-24, but the blade is completely made of composite materials and have a high residual strength for combat injuries.The engines are spaced at a maximum distance in order to avoid disruptions both in contact with the rocket in one of the engines.The engines are equipped with electronic control and suppression device of infrared radiation.The Mi-28 is made of single-rotor. 
The cockpit has a tandem pilot seats (the pilot is located above and behind, and the operator in front).Cab is fully armored, glass cockpit can withstand a direct hit by the bullets of 12.7 mm.Many of the helicopter and units are duplicated.The Mi-28 crew escape system installed at low altitudes, which includes energy-absorbing seats and landing gear with dual-chamber shock absorbers allow the crew survival in case of emergency landings with vertical velocities at a meeting with the ground to 12 m / sec.The helicopter can perform its combat missions day and night.For this purpose it is equipped with opto-electronic channel with a television system for low levels of illumination with a 20x zoom, laser rangefinder and night vision devices.At the Mi-28 fitted with the following equipment: a modified tank gun 2A42 at turret, 30 mm caliber ammunition with 300 rounds.At external sites can be suspended up to 16 anti-tank "Storm" or "Attack-in" with the radar system and two blocks of unguided rockets caliber 130, 80, 57 mm, also can be fitted with grenade launchers and containers with 23 mm cannons and bombs pyatisotkilogrammovye.The helicopter is a device for raising the min.Under the wing can be placed 16 supersonic anti-tank guided missiles, "Whirlwind", which are induced on the target automatically by a laser beam.
The design features a special compartment, which can be placed 2-3 people, so Mi-28 can produce a rapid evacuation from the battlefield of the crew of another helicopter damaged.The Mi-28 can be transported on military cargo aircraft IL-76, AN-124 AN-24.Preparation time the helicopter to crash after unloading from the aircraft does not exceed one and a half hours.

The main performance characteristics of the Mi-28:

Crew - 2 people.
Main rotor diameter - 17.2 m
Tail rotor diameter - 3.84 m
Helicopter length - 16.85 m
The height of the helicopter - 3,82 m
Weight:
Empty - 7890 kg
Max - 11500 kg
Normal - 10400 kg
Engine type - 2 x Klimov TV3 GTD-117
Power - 2 x 1630 kW (2 x 2215 hp)
Hovering ceiling - 3450 m
Service ceiling - 5750 m
Practical flight range - 460 km
Maximum operating load - 3.0 units.
Vertical rate of climb - 13.6 m / s
Maximum speed:
in level flight - 300 km / h
Cruising - 260 km / h
flying sideways - 100 km / h
Flight ago - 100 km / h

Armament: 1 x 30-mm cannon with 300 rounds 2A42. 

The combat load - 1605 kg for 4 hardpoints: 4 x 4 anti-tank assault or attack-B and 2 PU-20 HC-57-20h55 mm or HC-20-80 20h80-mm or 2 NUR PU with a 130-mm NUR.Upgradeable 2x2 SD "air-" P-60 containers with 23 mm cannon or a 30-mm or 12.7 granatametami-mm or 7.62-mm or 500-kg bombs, or directors min.On the wings - 16 anti-tank vortex.

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Double attack helicopter Mi-28N is constructed according to the classical single-rotor and is designed to find and destroy armored vehicles, manpower, protected objects and surface targets of the enemy in the open and rugged terrain, as well as low-speed air targets at any time and in any weather.Dimensions allow its helicopters to transport military cargo aircraft IL-76, AN-124.Designs and layout of major components ensure the autonomy of engagement with sites outside the airport.
The fuselage of the helicopter with variable cross section semi-monocoque made of aluminum alloys and composite materials using rivets and kleesvarnyh compounds.It consists of the nasal and central parts, the tail fin and beams.
Helicopter crew consists of two people: the pilot and navigator.The cockpit-sealed, air-conditioned and has armor protection.The workplace of the navigator is placed in front of and below the pilot's job.In the forward fuselage housed the avionics units, general-sighting station and the mobile gun mount.
In the floor of the central fuselage section positioned container-sealing fuel tanks.On its top panel mounted on the fuselage sides units of electricity, radio and special equipment.Controlled stabilizer - the top of the keel beam.Wing helicopters - a free-bearing, with four piers for the suspension arms and DPTB.
Life support system ensures the safety of the helicopter crew members in emergency landing with a vertical speed of 12 m / sec.The values ​​of accelerations decreased to the level of physiologically tolerated.In an emergency drawdown of energy-absorbing seats by the crew, the safe departure control arms, and forced the pilots to pulling the backs of chairs.Chassis Mi-28N is satisfied by three-point scheme with a tail wheel.The design of the landing gear included hydropneumatic shock absorbers with an additional emergency move.
Rotor of the Mi-28 - five-blade.His blade - made of polymer composites, the collar is a titanium housing with five spherical elastomeric joints.X-shaped four-bladed tail rotor greatly reduces noise.The blades and tail rotor are equipped with de-icing system.
The power plant of the Mi-28N consists of two CCD-117VMA TVZ, with a capacity of 2200 hpeach.They are created by the developer of the leading domestic helicopter engines - Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Plant Klimov," and is a modification of the reliable and proven over the years the family of engines TVZ-117.Developers suggest the Mi-28N in the future to introduce a helicopter is much more sophisticated propulsion system consisting of a VK-2500 engines.This will significantly enhance the ability of helicopters when operating in mountainous areas and in areas with humid and hot climate.Headroom allows for execution of the Mi-28N flight with one engine running.
Engines TVZ-117VMA are among the most reliable and proven long-term operation.Engine inlet are mushroom-shaped dust devices, and output - the screen-exhaust apparatus, reducing the visibility of the IR helicopter.As an auxiliary power unit used engine AI-9V.The fuel system of the Mi-28N is duplicated, and self-sealing fuel tanks are filled penopoliuritanom.Implemented backup hydraulic system.
The Mi-28N is equipped with an integrated set of avionics and instrumentation developed under the guidance FSPC "Ramenskoye KB", which provides the solution of flight and navigation tasks by day and night and adverse weather conditions. 
Main rotor blades made of composites can retain their performance in the defeat projectiles caliber 20-30 mm.The design of fuel tanks provide their explosion at an emergency landing.Together with co-developer of specialized design bureau "milevtsy" spent a considerable amount of research on programs to ensure high survivability.At the facility ensure the continued life and health of the crew during the emergency landing the helicopter through the use of energy-absorbing structural elements.The complex of experimental and theoretical investigations to establish a system of passive protection of the helicopter crew, to test the safety of damaged emergency amortization - chassis, shock-resistant seats, moving floor, etc., which damage does not affect operation of the machine.

November 10, 1982 test pilot GR Karpetyan first raised a helicopter Mi-28 into the air.Tests showed that the piloting and maneuvering characteristics of the machine is unique and guarantees a high degree of survivability in air combat.Mi-28 is capable of aerobatic maneuvers, such as "loop Nesterov," "barrel", "revolution" and others.Easy maneuverability allows for anti-missile maneuvers and gain an advantage in close air combat.During the joint state tests are given by the customer performance specifications have been confirmed.Firing tests on complex weapons helicopter demonstrated high efficiency and a significant advantage over peers.The impressive results of tests of the Mi-28A served at the end of 1987 the basis for the government's decision to launch the machine into production in the Rostov Helicopter Plant (now JSC "Rostvertol") where, under the leadership of CEO MV Nagibina rebuilt the entire production process for manufacturing promising technology.Great experience of manufacture of the Mi-24 and gave reason to hope for rapid mass adoption of new combat vehicle.
In connection with the new requirements the Ministry of Defence for military helicopters, it was decided to concentrate all the power and financial resources for the development of the Mi-28N shock around the clock and all-weather activities with a new integrated airborne electronic equipment (avionics).Dubbed the "Night Hunter", the helicopter is regarded as a response to the creation of the American Helicopter AH-64D LongBow Apache.
In addition to complex avionics found in the Russian helicopter Mi-28N series of other new equipment, such as, for example, a new main gearbox, made by threading scheme, multi-channel surveillance and attack the station, etc. In November 1996, the Mi-28N first flew in air.
To date, production tests successfully completed and the first prototype of the Mi-28N is the joint state tests.Further accelerate their implementation to the introduction of flight test program second prototype, collected in March 2004 led by the Director-General BN Slyusarev "Rostvertol" PLC.In January 2005, after successfully completing the next stage of testing at the manufacturer, the second prototype helicopter "Night Hunter" flew to Moscow at the JSC "Mil.MLMile ", where the completed preliminary testing.At present JSC "Rostvertol" in production are three vehicles of the Mi-28N initial batch.Soon they will go to trial.
In coming years, the Russian Air Force will receive at least fifty such serial machines.In total, domestic Air Force plans to acquire up to 50 "Night Hunter".Air Force will have a mighty armada of combat helicopters, which will raise their combat power to an unattainable height earlier.Undoubtedly, the helicopters will have their place, and other security agencies of both our and foreign countries.

 

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The concept of a helicopter gunship in the process of formation has come a long way changes and improvements.One of the cornerstones of the issues was to develop ideas about the most effective tactics of rotary-wing attack aircraft, the appropriate weapon systems and, consequently, the scheme and layout of the combat system.During the design of the "air infantry fighting vehicle," Mi-24, developers and customers, new ideas for future development of helicopters such a purpose.In parallel with the concept of transport-combat helicopter, designed to increase the mobility of infantry troops, and at the same time ensuring their gunships, ML Miles and his colleagues conceived the project of specialized highly maneuverable rotary-wing "air tank" that would serve as a "flying platform for installation of all kinds of weapons" .In this embodiment, transport troops have not anticipated.The increased interest in such a rotorcraft was largely due to construction in the U.S. (by Lockheed), speed and maneuverability of military rotary-wing aircraft AN-56A "Cheyenne", widely touted in the Western media.To achieve high tactical and technical performance comparable to the characteristics of the aircraft, attack aircraft, AH-56A was powered by a pusher propeller, wing, rigid hingeless main rotor, as well as a complex set of sighting and navigating equipment.
Accepted May 6, 1968 decision of the CC CPSU and USSR Council of Ministers on the establishment of the Mi-24 provides, among other things, the development on the basis of its rotary-wing attack aircraft promising model that has a higher flight speed, good stability and maneuverability.By the end of the year in the department cost center prospective design was completed first draft of the compound helicopter Mi-28, which represented a further development of the Mi-24, without landing the cargo hold, but with a rigid rotor, additional propulsion means, and increased armament.Unfortunately, the lack of clear understanding of the customer's image of such an apparatus, a large load of companies with current work, as well as illness and death of Mil was not allowed to immediately implement a new concept.For in-depth project formulation fighting compound helicopter Mi-28 (item 280) employees Mil.Mil, under its new chief designer MNTishchenko back in 1972 when the United States were already under way investigation program similar to the Army helicopter, attack aircraft AAS.Leading designer in the early stages was MV Olshevets.Command of the Soviet Air Force formed by this time the basic requirements for prospective car.Rotorcraft was to serve as a means of support for ground forces on the battlefield, destroying tanks and other armored vehicles, helicopter landing support, combat helicopters of the enemy.As the main weapon to be used antitank guided missile complex "Storm" (up to eight missiles) and 30-mm mobile gun.The total payload mass was estimated at 1,200 kg.Cabin crew consisting of pilot and operator, and the basic units helicopters were supposed to have protection against weapons of 7.62 and 12.7 mm, flight and navigation system to provide ≈ operation in any time and in any weather.The maximum speed of the car planned for 380-420 km / h.
Designers Mil.Mil conducted aerodynamic, strength and weight calculations of promising projects, worked a variety of options for power plants, diagrams and layouts of the Mi-28.Since the customer demanded a helicopter equipped with an emergency escape system, and the practice of flight tests conducted by the firm Mile, showed the complexity of safe hunting blades, the developers saw as a priority option twin-screw rotary-wing aircraft transverse scheme.He not only ensured the safe ejection drive screws out, but also allowed to include in the design of the wing rotary-wing aircraft.In 1973, a project of such a machine take-off weight of 11.5 tons, equipped with two engines TVZ-117F capacity of 2800 hpeach with two rotors with a diameter 10.3 m and a pusher propeller.Pilot production has built its layout, in the departments of EDB were studied units and systems.
In the mid-70s.customer review the concept of combat helicopters.The tactics of fighting (similar to a ground attack aircraft) at a relatively high altitude and speed gave way to the tactics of low-altitude terrain with rounding, which provided helicopter high survival on the battlefield.In this regard, designers of the cost center in the early 70s to take the initiative and developed a number of technical projects for military helicopters without any means of propulsion.Among these options helicopters: a twin-screw transversely with rotors with a diameter 8.25 m and two engines GTD-10FP capacity of 1950 hpeach, single-rotor design with a diameter of 14.25 m rotor and twin-engine GTD-10FP, single-rotor design with a rotor diameter of 16 m and two engines TVZ-117F.The latter option was considered most promising for the Mi-28.Twin screw coaxial milevtsy not considered because of fears of whipping blades of the rotors during combat maneuvering.
The refusal of the scheme rotary-wing aircraft can significantly increase the weight and recoil combat load, as well as to simplify the design.The adoption of the tactics of warfare at low altitudes allow, in addition, to abandon the installation of the bailout.Studies have shown that with the defeat of the helicopter at low altitude the crew had no time to ≈ bailout had to rely on the strength of the vehicle and means of survival.Born in the same years the concept of using deformable structures safe, energy-intensive and energy-absorbing landing gear chairs set the stage for the survival of the crew of downed helicopter without the need for the bailout.Based on this, the designers chose to return to the structurally more simple classic single-rotor.As the power plant they choose to modify the powerful, reliable and already developed industry-TV3-117 engines.
Finding the most efficient helicopter was accompanied by appearance matching of system requirements weapons of attack and flight and navigation system and other components, blowing in the wind tunnel models, formation evaluation methods and the determination of ways to increase survivability and survival, reduce visibility, conducted in specialized research research, development and flight test organizations, chief among which are from the initial design were TsAGI, LII, VIAM, NIIAS, GNIKI BBC Kolomna Machine Building Design Bureau, CCB "Falcon", Ramenskoye KB MAP and others to develop long-term sighting -flight and navigation system for weapons and a helicopter gunship with each year attracts more and more organizations the customer ministries of aviation, defense, electronic and other industries.Design of Mi-28 gradually assumes the character of a national integrated program that is comparable in complexity of tasks with the construction of a new advanced combat aircraft.
By 1976, the features of the external appearance of the Mi-28 mostly undecided.All work on the military machine led by the deputy chief designer Alexander Ivanov, a responsible leader
designer was appointed MV Weinberg.He obeyed a group of leading designers, each responsible for separate line of the ambitious program.Designed to Mil.Mil technical proposal to the satisfaction of the customer.Circle formed by co-executors of systems and complexes.
Simultaneously with the attack helicopter project milevtsami V-80 suggested that the Government Ukhtomsky Helicopter Plant.NI Kamov.Experts EDO im.Kamova, having the expertise of a twin-screw coaxial helicopters on ships, came to the conclusion that the devices of such a scheme will be effective in solving problems and fire support of ground forces.Kamovtsami was an original concept of the helicopter, attack aircraft with a crew member.Function of the second crew member to a large extent had to take the electronic complex.
December 16, 1976 the Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers adopted a decree on the development of the Mi-28 and B-80 (later Ka-50) on competitive basis, and both companies have begun to sketch designs.Since the specific tactical and technical specifications of the Air Force was not, and specialists Mil UVZ have broad discretion.Began an unprecedented in the history of aviation competition in which the creators of helicopters had to reinvent itself and develop the concept of attack helicopters, based on their own understanding of the challenges facing the machine, and how they perform, and then prove the prospects of their concepts to the customer.As a result, the company began to design machines entirely different class, different wind pattern, take-off weight, crew, armament, equipment, etc.In contrast to the unparalleled Kamovsk V-80 Mi-28 was designed to Mil.Mil in accordance with the accepted worldwide, and confirmed its viability in real combat fighting vehicle concept two-seater with a clear separation of functions (piloting, surveillance, target detection, targeting, communications and weapons control) between the two crew members.As the prototype took milevtsy Mi-24 helicopter and the best foreign similar class American AH-64 "Apache", which was to surpass the key indicators.
By creating a Mi-28 Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant designers to achieve the perfect weight with the necessary strength, reliability and survivability applied new methods of optimal design, proven to create Mi-26 heavy-duty.Preliminary design study of the numerous options accompanied by layouts, including the original layout of the fuselage with the so-called "central core", iewith the placement of all vital parts and systems in the central longitudinal force framework, which were placed along the sides of compartments with equipment and peripheral units.However, calculations have shown the difficulty of achieving the necessary vibration and strength characteristics of the vulnerability of equipment and forced to abandon the scheme and an attractive return to traditional all-metal semi-monocoque fuselage layout.Combat survivability designers decided to provide redundant units with a maximum of diversity and mutual shielding, protection of the more important units less important, a combination booking, choice of materials and sizes of construction, excluding damage during catastrophic structural failure for a time sufficient for the job and return to base.
One key element was the cockpit layout.Milevtsy immediately abandoned near the location of the crew members, since such a scheme does not provide the necessary angles pilot and cameraman, as well as complicate the emergency escape helicopter.The most successful scheme was recognized as "tandem" (the place of the pilot was elevated above the place of the operator), iescheme, tested by life on the Mi-24.In the future the selection was confirmed by international experience.During the design of the Mi-28 pilot production cost center has built a lot of layouts and models, including a sequence of six full-size models of the helicopter, made it possible to optimally build a fighting machine.
By the end of 1977 designers Mil.Mil completed conceptual design and coordinated with subcontractors are completing a program of equipment and weapons systems.The following year and a half left in coordination with the customer all aspects of tactical-technical specifications for the helicopter and its complex, and in 1979, EDB launched a detailed design and testing of rotorcraft first experimental models of assemblies and systems.
In the design of helicopter units were studied variants of the various schemes and designs, new materials are widely implemented in strict compliance with the weight and strength control.In particular, as an alternative cost center specialists were designed and built two types of fundamentally new plugs rotor of the Mi-28: elastomeric and torsion, and tested, along with the tail rotor, having a traditional method of pitch control of blades, tail rotor pilot managed flap , transmission shaft of carbon fiber.Selecting the most promising solutions accompanied by comprehensive testing of aggregates in the stands.A total of 54 stands set up, including full-scale stand, stand automatic static test stand for tests elektrovintovoy main gearbox, stands the test items bushings, blades and other components, a unique stand-model system for testing the survival of the crew during emergency landings, as well as stand for the investigation of the impact of congestion on the mining rights and rescue systems.For the preliminary flight test units (elastomeric and torsion bushings and main rotor blades, tail rotor, engines TVZ-117VM) and systems (autopilot, navigation, attack and flight director of the complex and guided missile weapons) pilot plant converted into a flying laboratory four Mi- 24, and then several Mi-8.
Designers Mil.Mil, along with subcontractors of the specialized design bureaus and research institutes conducted a pilot study program to ensure high survivability and low thermal signature, in particular, ballistic tests on the vitality of the cockpit, fuel tank, main rotor and tail rotor, transmission shaft, traction control and hydraulic systems, the results of which have been optimized design and placement of armor protection, the nation's first helicopter experimentally determined characteristics of the thermal radiation of the helicopter on all azimuths.In addition, joint efforts to perform a complex of experimental and computational studies to establish a system of passive protection of the helicopter crew, to test the safety of damaged emergency depreciation and fixed landing gear, shock-proof seats, moving floor, etc.
In August 1980 the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers on the military-industrial issues by reading the progress of development of future combat helicopter Mi-28, decided to build two pilot experimental models, without waiting for the approval of the final layout.Positive opinion of the Commission followed the layout until the end of next year, when the assembly shop factory has already passed the static test the first sample of the helicopter and built the first flying instance.Therefore, the first Mi-28 sample, collected in July 1982 is being rationalized to the level required in the process of refining and flight tests.
Double attack helicopter Mi-28 was built on the classic single-rotor and was designed to find and destroy in the face of opposition armored vehicles, personnel of the enemy in the open and rugged terrain, as well as low-speed air targets in visibility in a simple and limited adverse weather conditions.Dimensions allow the helicopter to transport him to the military transport aircraft IL-76 without disassembly.Designs and layout of major components ensure the autonomy of engagement with sites outside an airport for 15 days.
The fuselage of the Mi-28 included the nasal and central parts, as well as the tail and the keel beam.In the bow were two separate compartments of armored cockpit, which were placed in the front seat of the navigator-operator, and behind and above the pilot's seat.To improve the survivability of helicopter and crew survival cabin provided for armor, which included a set of ceramic tiles glued to the frame of the forward fuselage.In addition, the protective role fulfilled silicate armored.The pilot and navigator were divided broneperegorodkoi.The door was the navigator on the left side, and the pilot on the right.Doors and windows were equipped with emergency release mechanisms.In the emergency escape doors booths under inflated special traps designed to protect the crew from being hit on the chassis.Front at the bottom of the bow was attached to a stabilized platform combination surveillance and attack the station and COPS frame gun mount.Placed under the floor of the pilot units and electrical attack and flight and navigation system.
On the overhead panel center fuselage were mounted main gear box, fan, auxiliary power unit, hydrounit, air-conditioning units.Right and left of the axis of symmetry on the overhead panel and console components of frames have been installed engines and gearboxes angle, and wing.At the bottom of the fuselage was a container of fuel tanks on the upper panels of which were blocks of equipment.Placing the heaviest components and systems near the center of mass improved the maneuverability of the Mi-28.Rear compartment roomy enough radio equipment was free volumes, which allowed its use as a cargo (for transportation equipment at the airfield or relocation of the helicopter evacuation of the crew of another helicopter.)Simplicity and ease of maintenance of various systems and equipment provided numerous helicopter doors and hatches on the sides of the fuselage.Lower position of the tail boom ruled out the possibility of grazing over her main rotor blade with a sharp maneuver.The back of the keel beam was designed as a fixed steering, which is housed inside the cable run and control the tail rotor stabilizer, attached to the top of the keel beam.Under the lower part was the tail landing gear.Cantilever wing helicopter with four pylons, designed for the suspension of missile, small arms and cannon, bomb armament and additional fuel tanks.At the ends of the wing fairing housed in a device for interfering shooting bullets.In an emergency wing could be dropped.Stabilizer control has been linked with a handle collective pitch rotor.
Passive protection of the helicopter was to ensure the safety of crew members during an emergency landing with a vertical speed of 12 m / sec.The values ​​of accelerations decreased to the level of physiologically tolerated.Mechanisms actuated security system were installed on the cylinder main landing gear shock absorbers.With their help, energy-absorbing seats carried drawdown and departure of the crew handles forward longitudinal lateral control, which ruled out the possibility of injury to the pilot.Energogasyaschie chair, sinking to 30 cm, and protect the crew against overload, resulting in a crash landing.In an emergency situation and ensure enforcement travmobezopasnoy pulling back of the chair to the pilots harness system.
Selecting a chassis Mi-28 three-point with a tail wheel, was due to a restriction on the size of the machine relating to the terms of its transportation.The design of the landing gear included hydropneumatic shock absorbers with an additional emergency move.The main struts wishbone allowed to change the clearance of the helicopter.
The blades have a five-blade main rotor profile recommended by the TsAGI, and a rectangular shape in plan.Spar blades made of polymer composites formed a bow of the shape profile.To it were attached tail sections, performed in a shell of polymer composite materials with polimersotoplastovym filler.The main rotor hub was a titanium housing with five made by the spherical elastomeric joints.In movable joints have been widely used metalloftoroplastovye sleeves and fabric bearings.Such "maintenance free", iedoes not require constant lubrication bushings were first used in the domestic helicopter industry.Elastomeric sleeve not only reduces labor costs for maintenance of the helicopter, but also provides increased maneuverability and handling machines.(From the alternative torsion bushings on the Mi-28 declined.)
A four tail rotor to reduce noise and improve efficiency has been designed for the X-shaped pattern.His collar was of two modules that are installed one above the other slots hub.Each module is a junction of two branches of blades.The blade includes a fiberglass spar and tail of the cell block and the fiberglass shell.The blades and tail rotor equipped with electro-thermal anti-icing system.Unfortunately, the development of X-shaped tail rotor was delayed and the first pilot of the Mi-28 to 1987 were used tail rotors of the Mi-24.
The power plant consisted of two turboshaft engines TV3-117VM, power 1950 hpeach independent operation which provides the possibility of flight with one engine running.Engine inlet were mushroom-shaped dust installation.The engines were equipped with screen-exhaust devices, which reduce the thermal signature of helicopter.Water injection system ensures operation of engines at bespompazhnuyu launch rockets.As an auxiliary power unit used engine AI-9V, which also provides drive systems for inspection on the ground and supply warm air to heat the cabin.In the hood gear compartment, the ceiling panel over the central part of the fuselage, located fan and oil cooler.
The fuel system of the Mi-28 was designed as two independent symmetric systems supply each motor with automatic cross-feeding and pumping.It consisted of three tanks (two supplies for each engine and one general), is in a container of fuel tanks, the walls of which were self-sealing foam rubber.Own fuel tanks filled with polyurethane foam protects from the explosion.
Transmission feature of the helicopter was the presence of two angular gears SD-28, which serve to transmit torque from the engine to main gearbox BP-28 is the first step of reduction.
The control system uses four were installed on the main gearbox combined steering actuator, which served as servo steering gears and autopilot.The hydraulic system of the Mi-28 consisted of two independent systems used to power the combined steering gear control systems and hydraulic dampers in the system of directional control.The equipment consisted of a helicopter and air system, air conditioning and oxygen equipment.
On the helicopter Mi-28 was installed instrumentation package, which allowed the helicopter pilot and solve the problems of air navigation at all times and in all weather conditions.To solve the problems of war and flight operations helicopter was equipped: Guided missiles, which include the combined surveillance-aiming station, designed for the navigator-operator search, pattern recognition and target tracking for missile and guided missile fired from a gun, helmet-mounted system targeting pilots that lets you control the gun, aiming and flight-navigation complex PrPNK-28.Created Ramenskoye KB-28 complex PrPNK provide search, detection, identification purposes, aimed fire and bombing, to improve handling characteristics, the flight to the desired path, still hovering over a given point, the stabilization of the height, as well as continuous spotting.The complex consisted of primary information sensors, two on-board computers and controls and displays.As sensors are used: information systems vertical rate of altitude-speed data, Doppler velocity and drift, and helmet-mounted target designation system.The composition of control and display devices included: automatic tablet, navigation devices and display system.
Mi-28 Armament consisted of a permanently affixed mobile gun mount NPPU-28 with a powerful cannon 2A42 30 mm development of the Tula Instrument Design Bureau and the system of removable arms, suspended on racks pylon wing.Like most of the world by helicopter gunships and Mi-28 was equipped with a rotating large-angle gun that can fire from various weapons at the same time on two targets which are at different azimuths (similar gun mounted on the infantry fighting vehicle BMP-Army 2).The range of deviation NPPU-28 was: azimuth 110 degrees, at elevation 13 ...- 40 degrees.Ammunition guns, 250 rounds housed in two boxes with two-way selective feeding on a rotating part of the turret.Carrying ammunition increased the reliability of weapons, and survivability of the helicopter.On the outside racks provided for the suspension to 16 anti-tank guided missiles, supersonic 9M120 complex "Attack-in" or 9M114 complex "Storm-In" (with radio-command guidance systems), development of Kolomna Machine Building Design Bureau, designed to destroy not only ground targets, but low-speed and low- aerial targets.On the domestic holders can be attached blocks of unguided rockets B-5V35, 8V20-B or B-13L1, unified helicopter nacelle GID machine-gun and grenade options, small cargo containers KMGU-2 with mines and bombs of small caliber.On holders could also carry bombs caliber 250 and 500 kg or more fuel tanks.In subsequent years, an arsenal of Mi-28 heavy rockets filled with C-24B, UPK-23-250 and incendiary tanks ST-500.
Protection against guided missiles on the Mi-28 provided: the equipment for jamming radars and guided missiles with infrared and radar homing heads, warning of exposure apparatus helicopter radars and laser sighting the enemy; device interfering shooting rounds of HC-26 anti-missile with heat seekers.
Of no small importance in the development of the helicopter was attached to ease of maintenance in a stand-alone deployment.In comparison with the Mi-24 the complexity of maintenance was reduced by about a factor of three.
A few months after the assembly went to the ground units and debugging systems of the first Mi-28, and November 10, 1982 a crew composed of a lead test pilot plant GR Karapetyan and pilot test-VV Tsygankov first pulled on the new helicopter land and 19 December the same year performed the first flight in a circle.All parts and helicopter systems worked satisfactorily, and the next day, the official transfer of the rotorcraft in the first stage of the joint state of comparative trials (SSGI).They ended successfully in 1984, and the helicopter entered the Air Force GNIKI the second phase of SSGI (Phase Air Force).Great contribution to the test helicopter gunship pilots have factory YF Chapaev, V. Bukharin, VI Bondarenko, BV Savinov, navigator VS Black.Leading engineers for flight tests were VG Voronin, and VI Kulikov.
The first sample of the Mi-28 was designed primarily to remove the performance characteristics and did not carry the weapon system.It was installed on the second flying prototype, pilot production of the assembly is completed the cost center in September 1983 in its design takes into account all the comments layout Commission Air Force.The second flying prototype at the end of the year he entered the field testing of weapons SSGI.At first flight tests of both vehicles were compounded by inadequate resources and transmission support system, but then the designers have brought major resource units to several hundreds of hours and provided, so successful completion of the program SSGI.
In comparative tests of the first joint flight model of the Mi-28 to 1986 all of the given performance specifications have been confirmed, and in some respects even exceeded.Wish of the customer was reduced only to expand the range of acceptable congestion due to the fact that stocks were allowed to control the helicopter to maneuver with their higher values.After appropriate revision of hydraulic blades and managed to solve this problem.As a result of overload on the vertical mode "hill" was 2.65 at an altitude of 500 m and 1.8 at an altitude of 4,000 m increased significantly and the maximum speed of flight "across" and "tail to come."In the second instance, flying in the same year had been completed all work on the final design of special systems and helicopter interoperability of weapons with the machine.Weapons were successfully tested on Gorokhovets landfill, including the first night launch of a pilot from the helicopter missiles at ground targets.After the installation in 1987 at the first flight model X-shaped tail rotor finally decided on the appearance and integration of combat helicopters.
The impressive results of the first tests of the Mi-28 allowed the Ministry of Aviation Industry in February 1984 to decide on the preparation of its production to Arsenyev aviation manufacturing company.With favorable circumstances, the Soviet Air Force could get the first Mi-28 already in 1987, but this was not true.Despite the fact that the U.S. study proved the impossibility of a fully-fledged single attack helicopter at the current level of U.S. electronics, Soviet military experts came to the opposite conclusion, believing that our instrument makers can create an automated complex, allowing single-seat combat helicopter to operate effectively near the ground.In October 1984 the customer has made his choice by opting for a V-80 helicopter for further development and production of Arseniev.
In April 1986, held simultaneous tests of the Mi-28 and B-80 on the detection, identification and simulation of target, at which the Mi-28 proved its advantages.Nevertheless, specialists of the customer, without waiting for the comparative tests on the basis of theoretical calculations have concluded that the V-80 has a "very promising development is less expensive to build and maintenance of the helicopter group."To improve the performance of detection and recognition purposes proposed for the military V-80 procedure "targeting apparatus," with a special helicopter reconnaissance and ground-based guidance.However, such a double-sighting the helicopter had yet to build, and instrumentation equipment and V-80 brought to the operating state.So close the Mi-28 no one dared, was reduced only the amount of funding."Contest" continued, but already at a disadvantage.Despite this, the Mi-28 has successfully completed the state tests, proving the high efficiency of its onboard systems and armament.Given the positive results SSGI, the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree dated 14 December 1987 on completion of the Mi-28 and beginning production at the Rostov Helicopter Plant.Further improvement program included the establishment of a helicopter in the first phase of the modernized "day" of the Mi-28A, and then his "night" version of the Mi-28N, able to fight in difficult weather conditions at any time of day.
Build a third instance of the flight of the Mi-28, whose design takes into account all the comments and customer changes to the development of experimental models as they are finishing, pilot production Mil.MLMile beginning in 1985, Upgraded helicopter was called in 1987, the Mi-28A.It differed from the first development of experimental models upgraded high-altitude TV3-117VMA capacity 2225 hpeach, improved instrumentation, a modified design of the exhaust ejector device and the modified main rotor gearbox.At the ends of the wings appeared containers with cassettes of infrared and radar clutter (in the first two Mi-28 is not installed).
Testing of the upgraded Mi-28A began in January 1988 they went well, and next year the helicopter was first unveiled at the Paris Air Show in Le Bourget in Paris and the exhibition at Red Hill near London, where he enjoyed huge success with visitors.In the same year the first experimental prototype helicopter Mi-28 was first formally introduced and at home during the air show in Tushino.In January 1991, the program tests joined by a second Mi-28A, assembled an experienced production cost centers.In September 1993, combined arms exercises in a Gorokhovets helicopters demonstrated their excellent performance and combat superiority over the competition.The expediency of selecting a double layout became apparent to all.
The Mi-28A was highly appreciated by both domestic and foreign experts.He is fully fit for purpose and in many respects superior to all the helicopters in its class.Piloting and maneuvering characteristics guarantee a high degree of survivability in air combat.Except for his "little brother" of light-sport training Mi-34 Mi-28 combat is the only helicopter in Russia, capable of performing aerobatics.May 6, 1993 test pilot GR Karapetyan first performed at the Mi-28 "Nesterov loop", and after a few days "barrel."Rostov Helicopter Production Association began preparations for mass production of the "flying tank", and in 1994 began building the first production model at their own expense.
Russian helicopter gunships interested in leadership of the armed forces of many foreign countries.The fall of 1990 with Iraq signed an agreement to sell Mi-28, and subsequently on their co-production (MI-28L license) in Iraq, but those plans prevented the war in the Persian Gulf.In autumn 1995, the Ministry of Defence of Sweden to choose among different types of Russian helicopters Mi-28A, and the American AH-64 "Apache" for comparative testing.Our helicopters fully compliant testing program, including live firing, and showed a "very reliable and well adapted to field conditions."
In 1993, after completing the first phase of public testing of the Mi-28A has been received the customer's preliminary conclusion on the issue the initial batch of helicopters.Military test pilots have started development of the Mi-28A.However, due to lack of funding delayed the work and equipment of competing helicopters at this time has managed to morally outdated.In this regard, MV Weinberg, who became Chief Designer is a cost center, with the consent of the customer decided to discontinue the development of the Mi-28A at the final stage of state trials and
to concentrate all the power and financial resources to develop a combat helicopter Mi-28N ("N" the night) and all-weather day and night, with a new integrated airborne equipment of the fifth generation.The helicopter is regarded as a response to the creation of an American firm McDonnell Douglas, all-weather "flying tank" AH-64D "Apache Longbow."Subsequently, the right decision indirectly confirmed by tests of the Mi-28A (in Sweden in October 1995), when it was presented only requirement for the future availability of systems to conduct operations at night.Given that the layout and design of the Mi-28, its armament, defense systems meet the latest requirements, it was decided to develop new equipment only on a prospective basis and gearbox components.In early 1993, was carried out mock commission and customer acceptance of preliminary design, then, despite the strong lack of funding, the development of the Mi-28N.

Design.

The helicopter is made of single-rotor with tail rotor, dual CCD, tricycle landing gear and auxiliary wing.
The fuselage is all metal, semi-monocoque structure of aluminum-lithium alloys with wide use of KM is much smaller than the Mi-24 helicopter.In the bow is placed a double crew cabin with separate cabins navigator-operator and the pilot's seat are located ledge, as the Mi-24.The cockpit is formed by planar surfaces and fully armored with a lightweight titanium armor with ceramic tiles and exterior glazing maloblikuyuschego armor to withstand a direct hit by bullets caliber 12.7mm.Damaged tiles can be replaced with armor.Between the cabins of the navigator-operator and the pilot has an armored bulkhead.System Rescue crews at low altitudes included energopoglaoschayuschie chair equipped with a system of gravity of the crew to their seats to create the necessary izgotovochnoy poses: at higher altitudes the crew can leave the helicopter with the help of parachutes through large side doors opening to the left in the navigator-operator and to the right in the pilot.Over the cockpit is a special technical compartment, which if necessary can accommodate two people, access to the bay through the hatch and folding ladder on the left side.
The wing of small aspect ratio, scale sredneraspolozhennym 4.88m, with a negative cross-V, has a decompression structure of aluminum alloys, sock wing and tail are made from the CM.The wing provides offloading the main rotor and is used for the suspension arms and equipment or containers with external fuel tanks at four sites under the wing and two on the wing tips.
Chassis tricycle, with a tail wheel, fixed landing, the main bearings are shock absorbers with increased speed of depreciation, to bring down congestion on impact with a vertical speed of 12 m / s to a level that can be carried by the crew physiologically, wheels are the main pillars pressure 0.53MPa.Wheel track 2.29 m, the base chassis 11 m.
Five-blade main rotor, the same diameter as the Mi-24, but with new blades that have profiles with increased curvature, creating more lift.The blades of rectangular planform, chord blades 0.67m.The end of the blades are swept to the front edge.The blades have a fiberglass spar, manufactured by spiral winding on CNC machines, which are attached to the fiberglass section with the honeycomb core, along the toe of the blade passes anti-titanium plate with an electric protivoobledenitelpoy system.Titanium main rotor hub has elastomeric hinges and hydraulic dampers.The speed of rotation of the rotor 242 rev / min, the ends of blades tip speed 216m / s.
Tail rotor diameter of 3.84m, four-bladed, two-bladed propellers formed by two elastomeric flapping hinges.The blades tail rotors mounted at angles of 45 deg.and 135 deg.to reduce the noise level.The blades of rectangular shape in plan, fiberglass blade chord 0.24m.
The power plant consists of two turboshaft GTD with free turbine TVZ-117VM St. Petersburg scientific-production association.V. Klimov (Chief Designer, SA Sarkisov) takeoff power of 1620 kW, installed in separate nacelles on each side of the fuselage and equipped with upgraded electronic control system.Auxiliary Power Unit GTD, located behind the main rotor gear on top of the fuselage, provides compressed air to start the engines and drive systems.Air intakes fitted with CCD dust protection devices and nozzles are cooled by air flow coming through the air vents on the sides of the engine nacelles and mixed with the flow of gas to reduce the CCD infrared radiation.
Fuel is contained in soft tanks with total capacity of 1900l around with self-sealing latex protector.For ferry flights can be installed external fuel tanks.
Mechanical control system with hydraulic actuators, is proposed to develop elektrodistadionnoy management system.Control of the helicopter as skompleksirovano: located in the cockpit flight controls, cabin mate of the operator control arms.
The hydraulic system is redundant.Operating system pressure 15.2MPa.
Electrical system AC voltage 208V is powered by two generators driven by the main gearbox.
Equipment: Combination surveillance-attack system with high resolution and level of automation in the gyro-stabilized platform with a mobility of 110 deg.-110 Deg.in azimuth and 13 degrees.- 40 deg.in elevation for aiming and firing anti-tank gun.In the daytime version of the system has two optical channels with wide and narrow fields of view (3-fold increase and a 13-fold, respectively).For operations at night can be used optical-television channel (TV-system for low light levels and a 20-fold increase).Mounted laser range finder-designator that defines the current target range and permitting its computers to calculate the corrections when firing the cannon and launch rockets, as well as to launch guided missiles.You can use a crew of night vision goggles.Instrumentation includes a cockpit HUD and helmet sight for gun control.Cabin is equipped with a navigator-operator indication on the CRT to display data opto-electronic system.Helicopter complex set REP "Vitebsk", there are devices suppression of infrared radiation and automatic drop LTC established in containers at the wing tips.
Service.It consists of a modified tank gun 2A42 30mm caliber with a great muzzle velocity, rate of 900 rounds / min at air targets and 300 rounds / min at ground targets, 300 shells ammunition is placed in the two cartridge boxes.The gun is placed on the turret under the fuselage, running synchronously with the eye and has the same mobility.Especially for the Mi-28 development of a new a single-gun (30mm, 500 and 600 rds / min 250 rounds).
Under the wing can be suspended up to 16 anti-tank "Storm" with radio-command guidance system, or "Attack-in" to a radar-guided rockets and two blocks in caliber 57mm, 80mm and 130mm.Possible to install anti-tank "Whirlwind" with a laser guidance system.Guided weapons (gun, ATGM) use a navigator-operator from the front cockpit, rockets can be launched from both cockpits.Within visibility without increasing the use of optics, the pilot can direct the gun and keep it out of the fire with HUD or a helmet sight.On four hardpoints can also be attached to containers with grenade launchers and 23mm cannons, bombs caliber up to 500 kg.The helicopter is equipped with devices for raising the min.