Electric vacuum devices used in the system, did not have sufficient reliability and require further development.

But in the end, after much searching and testing various technical solutions to the 1975 version was created by FAS AP-4M is suitable for flight testing on board a flying laboratory.In late 1976, the first MiG-31 equipped with a SUV, "Barrier" with PAR B1.01M was sent to the Air Force test center in Akhtubinsk.

The principal feature of the receiver in a pulse-Doppler radar was that the receiver had no distortion amplify weak signals corresponding to signals reflected from the target, and strong signals reflected from the earth.To support this mode the dynamic range of the receiver should be at least 80 dB.The absence of the required dynamic range resulting in the loss of sensitivity, resulting in a radar "not seen" target, flying at low altitudes.

It was found that significant losses occur when the dynamic range of "leakage" of the signal transmitter in the chain of first heterodyne receiver, and the coarsening of sensitivity is 30 - 40 dB.This problem was one of the key in the development of the receiver.

Many difficulties arose with the elimination of false alarms.They fought mostly by experimentation.Mastering the equipment and significantly complicates its low reliability.However, the identified shortcomings in the trial was mainly to eliminate.

The computing system was built SUV for the first time in our country, with on-board computer, which solved all problems of radar and control system as a whole.NIIP developed the interface with the onboard computer.The lines of communication with all aircraft systems were digital.

It must be said that the development of mathematical software and SUV "Barrier" was carried out without relying on prior experience (in the previous developments of the Institute was only used analog technology).To create a software system in the NIIP was formed a special unit under the leadership of Vladimir Vasyuchkova.This structure and formed the main difficulties in the development process.

Eliminated the shortcomings in the revisions of the software.This inevitably there are errors that render inoperative exhaust system previously.According to the recollections of veterans of NIIP, sometimes it seemed that the work will never end.And only the tough regimen of inspections and modifications enabled successfully solve this problem.

Testing of the system as a whole produces complex parts of the institute.The order of development, mainly observed around the production cycle: set up and surrendered to the customer blocks, then adjust the system, produced their first model in the NIIP, then - in GosNIIAS, the flying laboratory, and, finally, to combat aircraft. 
As mentioned above, to equip the new long-range interceptor system "Barrier" ICD "Vympel" in the late 1960s began to develop a new missile R-33, equipped with a semi-active radar homing.Aerodynamic characteristics of the UR was the use of low aspect ratio wing and folding handlebars, which provided a conformal placing missiles on the ventral compartments of aircraft carriers.GSN P-33 captured the target after launch.Aiming to capture a missile carried by an inertial system (the length of the flight before moving to self-direction should be 10-20% of the length of the path).
The design of SD P-33, its creators are widely used titanium alloys.Rocket has been provided the ability to hit targets at ranges of up to 120-130 km.Enemy aircraft, maneuvering with an overload of 4, were killed with a probability of 0.6-0.8.Starting weight was 491 kg SD (with warhead weight 55 kg), height range damage 50 - 28,000 m, max speed destroys targets - 3700 km / h.
It must be said that the development of missile weapons system has undergone significant changes, which is why many times had to alter the algorithms and software and operational use of the management of SD. 
Construction of the first experimental fighter - E-155MP (83 / 1) - was completed in spring 1975 and 16 September of that year's test pilot AV Fedotov made on its first flight.At the beginning of 1976 to the first machine has joined second prototype - "83 / 2".He was carrying a full set of on-board equipment, in particular, BBG "Barrier".
In mid-1977 at the Gorky aircraft plant "Sokol" was collected two interceptor installation of the series, had a number of differences from the first experimental machines.In particular, the scope was extended flaps, reduced the area of ​​horizontal tail (by removing the "knife" on the trailing edge) and the angles of the stabilizer.Changed shape and size of brake flaps.
In May 1977, the E-155MP aircraft was presented to the joint state tests. 
In addition to skilled and pre-interceptor, whose number has increased steadily, to participate in the trial extensively involved in numerous flying laboratory: two based on the Tu-104, for one - based on the MiG-21 MiG-25P, MiG-25PU and MiG-25RB . 
The culmination of the test program, the complex was carried out by an interceptor weapons February 15, 1978 in Akhtubinsk unique (not repeated until now no one foreign aviation complex) flight experiment for the simultaneous detection, acquisition and tracking of air targets 10 remote-controlled targets, M-16 (TU-16) and M-28 (IL-28), flying a wide front (approximately 150 km) in a wide range of heights.A 28 August the same year, the MiG-31 successfully hit by four rockets simultaneously released P-33, four radio-controlled aerial target. 
Phase "A" joint state tests ended December 1978 issue of preventive detention to launch the E-155MP in production.In 1979 he started serial production of aircraft at the factory number 21 GAZISO (now JSC "Falcon").According to the results of flight tests of aircraft structure have been several significant changes: the front edge of the wing across the span of four set-sectional deflected socks for the flight at hypersonic speeds the design of the wing spar stepped up third, a fully aerodynamic position has changed the brakes, which are carried out zone air intake ducts.In December 1980, flight tests of the fighter-interceptor E-155MP, the designation MiG-31 SUV "Barrier" and the R-33 have been completed, and May 6, 1981 a new aerial system was adopted for air defense forces.

The first production interceptors began to arrive for service line units air defense of the USSR in 1980 
Of course, a key role in the creation of the MiG-31 played a leading organization that is responsible for the creation of the aviation system - OKB Mikoyan.MiG-31 (E-155MP) was a kind of forge Leadership OKB Mikoyan.Shortly after the first flight of the new aircraft G.E.Lozino-Lozinski became head of the NAO 'Lightning', based on the creation of aerospace planes.
Chief Designer of the E-155MP in "critical" period - 1976-1985.- KK was Vasilchenko.Despite numerous setbacks and mistakes in the process of development (in the inevitable progress of such a complex, which has no analogues in the world program), he has always believed in the correctness of policy decisions embodied in the aerial system (in particular, the use of AFD).
After the transfer, KK Vasilchenko in LII MAP work on the program E-155MP head Belosvet AA.Then guide the subject was instructed EK Kostubskomu.Must be noted that of the 400 employees of various aviation industry, awarded government awards for taking part in a MiG-31, 184 people worked in the NIIP them.Vladimir Tikhomirov.This reflects not only on the contribution of staff of this institution in the creation of a new interceptor, but also a sharp increase in the role of electronics in military aviation in general, as well as an objective assessment of the role of the Party and government of the Soviet Union.
It is impossible to overestimate the contribution to the MiG-31 Chairman of the Joint Test E. J. Savitsky.In the course of their work and honored pilot, commander fairly and objectively true, with faith in a positive result, evaluating the results of testing the interceptor, and using their abilities and a great reputation, and helped bring the complex.
Played an important role and officers of the Air Force Research Institute, providing testing and treatment of aircraft of their results.It should first of all acknowledge the unit commander, Colonel-General A. Agurina, head of the Major-General of Poland, the officers NG river, NV Kostrov, test pilot, Major-General V. Chirkina .
Enormous contribution to the MiG-31 (and its on-board system) made SRI-2 MO (Tver) and the Center for operational use and re-training of flight personnel air defense (Savostleyka, Gorky Region..) 
MiG-31 was created and rendered the efforts of the aviation industry and the MoD as part of the country's air defense system, designed to interact with other means of reflection of air attack.This aerial system focuses primarily on the reflection of a massive air strike, strategic aviation, "the main potential enemy" - the U.S. - from the northern transpolar direction.
At the same time other advanced combat aircraft defense of the fourth generation - a general-purpose fighter Su-27 had slightly lower boundaries of the interception, but highly effective weapon equipped with medium and short range, and also has high maneuverability characteristics, able to solve a wider range of combat missions in the interests of Defense, well complementing the "thirty-first." 
Center for operational use in Savostleyke with NII-2 MO working out the scheme of sharing the MiG-31 (as a kind of group leader) and Su-27, but at the level of the chief designers have failed to agree on the requirements for a uniform system of group management.Therefore, the interaction between the Su-27 and MiG-31 in group activities was carried out only in the mode of voice communication, which prevented the full potential of these fighters.However, looking ahead, it must be said that the work of trying to force Su-27 and MiG-31 to work in a single "band" continues at the present time.Perhaps it will lead to the desired result.
Entered service in 1980 long-range fighter (MiG-31) and general purpose (Su-27P) provided air defense ability against carriers of strategic cruise missile (ALCM and ACM) at the distance of 1200-2500 km.They can successfully destroy low-flying and other small-sized and high-altitude targets, as well as to dogfight with all types of fighter jets the United States and NATO.
To support the actions of units equipped with aircraft complexes of the fourth generation, for air defense created a new automated control system, which included controls, automated systems, as well as other specialty systems and computer equipment. 
It should be emphasized that with the assistance of SRI-2 managed to solve the problem of automated guided interceptors from the aircraft radar picket A-50.In this regard, it should be noted that the American fighters such as F-15s and F-16s today are induced at the target with the type of aircraft AWACS Boeing E-3 "Sentry" is only the voice commands of the operator.
The first experience of operating the MiG-31 has shown that the aircraft has insufficient range.For example, interceptors based in Monchegorsk near Murmansk, were to accompany the job at sea reconnaissance and ASW aircraft, and the range of one and the other is clearly not the same.Thus, the need to improve it.The military in the person of Marshal Yevgeny Savitsky, generally offered to make a range such that the MiG-31 could reach the U.S. border through the North Pole.
By this time in the Soviet Union implemented the utmost means of in-flight refueling, and this procedure is no longer something extraordinary.The MiG-31 refueling system installed such as "cone-hose."The pull-out bar located on the left front lamp shade, and felt like the left and right of its location ( probably occurred because of confusion at the same time building the type 05, MiG-31M with right-hand bar and type 01DZ with the left handed - paralay ) .

The first MiG-31 equipped with a bar refills, was the 4th plane 3-series - the side of 1604. 
July 30, 1987 test pilot and navigator Roman Taskaev test Leonid Popov for the first time in the world flew fighter-interceptor of the Se-true route Monchegorsk pole - pole - Anadyr (Chukotka).Flying in low over navigation support bezorientirnoy terrain, the crew refueled twice, held in the air 6 hours 26 min.
On the way back Taskaev and Popov made a nonstop flight to Moscow along the northern coastline of Russia.Taskaev, Aubakirov and Popov, using a mode of long-range navigation, fulfilled several of Monchegorsk flights over the Arctic Ocean. 
Assignments included the refueling of the IL-78, educational purposes interceptions, landing and takeoff at the airport on the ice on Franz Josef Land.All systems and equipment operated without failure.
Since the end of 1990 began series production of the upgraded MiG-31B turbofans with D-30F-6, retractable toplivopriemnikom in-flight refueling system, the modified and upgraded avionics SUV.In particular, the MiG-31B can apply advanced F-33C SD.
The new version of the interceptor has a listener RSDN-723 and enhanced electronic warfare.Part-built MiG-31 aircraft for the Air Force finalized the repair facilities to the level of MiG-31B with the assignment of the index of the MiG-31BS.
Since 1984, the Design Bureau named after AI Mikoyan deeply modernized MiG-31.MiG-31M equipped with advanced engines D-30F-6M and a new SUV, "Barrier-M" with a diameter of 1.4 m. PAR BRLK found an increased range of detection of air targets, the ability to simultaneously track up to 24 targets and direct SD for six of them.Armament of the MiG-31M - six long-range SD-R-33 or F-37 conformal hung under the fuselage, two in three rows and four medium-range SD-RVV-AE under the wing.Gun mount was removed.
In order to modernize production of MiG-31 aircraft factory in KB "Falcon" was carried out work under the so-called Type 94, a machine in the series did not go, but some of the solutions migrated to type 05.Among them are expanded to 200 - 300 mm tank compartment with a "sunken tank", resulting in increased fuel capacity of 300 liters.Appeared and recessed brake parachute container.

The maximum takeoff weight of the MiG-31M had increased to 52,000 kg, speed and altitude characteristics have not changed. 
The first flight of an experienced fighter-interceptor MiG-31M was held December 21, 1985 Crew - test pilot Boris Orlov and test pilot A. Popov.Unfortunately, it was possible to construct a total of six prototypes.In April 1994, Russian President sent a congratulatory message to the creators of the MiG-31M and its arms to the success of the first-ever Test defeat air targets at ranges exceeding 300 km.
In the early 90s due to lack of funds from the Russian Ministry of Defense procurement of MiG-31 ended.Production of new cars had stopped in 1993.There were built more than 500 interceptors, more than half of them are still in service with the Russian Air Force.Several dozen MiG-31 is also in the Air Force in Kazakhstan.
In 1997, "Mikoyan" company offered an export version of the MiG-31, designated the MiG-31E.Assumed that the aircraft will be equipped with a simplified composition of avionics.
With a sharp decline in government funding, when the massive purchase of new aircraft, the MiG-31M has become impossible, and in 1997 a modernization of the fighter-interceptor MiG-31B aircraft in a multi-purpose MiG-31BM with a significantly increased combat capabilities.Machine equipped SUV, with a modernized technical reserve, resulting in progress in developing the SUV, "Barrier-M".Range detection of air targets of class "fighter" was able to bring up to 320 km, and the range of their destruction to 280 km.BRLK able to simultaneously track 10 targets and ensure the use of weapons in six of them.He acquired the ability to act and ground targets. 
For the upgraded MiG-31BM JSC "Russian Avionics" has developed an entirely new layout cabs pilot and navigator of the operator.The main drawback of the previous arrangement was the lack of a pilot of the MiG-31 information on the tactical situation: the commander did not know what makes the navigator.Now, in the front cabin on the right side of the dashboard was installed multifunctional LCD format 6x8 inches (similar to that used on the MiG-29SMT).More significant changes were the navigator-operator cab, which was located in a row, three such indicators, which could be displayed the most diverse information - tactical, navigation, radar, "pictures" TV-guided weapons sensors and other aircraft also received HUD, replacing former PPI.
Navigation system of the MiG-31BM largely unified with the new, developed for the MiG-29SMT.It includes a receiver and satellite navigation.
As a result, upgrading the combat effectiveness of aircraft in operations against aerial targets, compared to the MiG-31, increased by 2.6 times.The plane was adopted, similar to those used interceptor MiG-31M, as well as guided weapons class "air-surface".It is believed that the version of the MiG-31BM will be finalized by the entire fleet of MiG-31 Russian Air Force.And on the export version of the fighter aircraft - the MiG-31FE - can be installed and integrated with the Russian systems models of weapons and equipment of western production. 
The main tool will be hitting the ground radar Kh-31P and Kh-25MP, surface naval targets - Kh-31A anti-ship missiles with active radar seeker.Tactical guided weapons class "air-surface" shall include two Kh-59M, or three X-59 with TV-command guidance system, or three lighter X-29L / T instead of missiles in flight can be assigned guided aerial bombs, three KAB-1500L / Cr (laser / TV-guided) or eight KAB-500Kr.Laser-TV equipment SLA class "air-surface" will be placed in a hanging container.Maximum payload mass will be 9,000 kg (six bombs FAB-1500C).To engage aerial targets for the MiG-31FE remain airborne radar "Barrier", SD-range P-33, UR-range RVV-AE and SD melee P-73.
Since 1997, the bureau began developing the system into near-earth orbit space of the converted aircraft with MiG-31.The basis was based on the experience gained as a result of EDB experiments with anti-MiG-31.Commercial launch vehicle LV-S 40-200 kg payload was launched from the MiG-31 flying at an altitude of about 17,000 m at 3000 km / h.Rocket developed in OKB "Vympel".The first experimental launch of the rocket was scheduled for 1999-2000.Currently, these are the MiG-31 in Kazakhstan.In addition, the MiG-31 was used as a carrier of hypersonic flying laboratory GLL-31 (WLL-AU).
In early October 2003 for the first time since the collapse of the USSR Sports Committee FAS registered as Russia 22 records the result reached by the two crews of Air Force fighter jet on long-range air defense of the MiG-31."Records are set in the class of aircraft with a takeoff weight of 35-45 tons and are associated with the climb rate and altitude with a variable load."
Preparatory work for setting records in a subclass of aircraft C-1L spent flying the Air Force at the airfield glycerol in the Astrakhan region.The flights are conducted in accordance with the so-called "record net", approved by FAI.Crews consisting of Colonel Vladimir Gurkin and Alexander Kozachenko (Office of the Chief Air Force), Colonel Alexei and Sergei Seregin Pestrikova (glycerol) to operate on a batch of MiG-31.In three attempts, they have shown results that exceed the level 22 world records that were previously installed on the aircraft MiG-25.In each of the three flights were able to establish several records.All indicators have been achieved without any preparation crews.
Participants and organizers of record flights stressed that the possibility of this type of aircraft has not been fully exhausted.With additional training of crews and training aircraft there is the possibility of using a MiG-31 for floors, and the establishment of more than 30 world records in speed, altitude and climb to different heights with the commercial load and without it.The work is expected to continue. 
On the night of May 31 June 1, 2004 the MiG-31 from the 790th IAP, which is flown by military pilots, Major Oleg Zabolotny and Alexander Abushenko, doing ordinary training flights.After spending about an hour in the air, the MiG-31 returned to the airfield and landed safely.Already during the run on the runway the plane suddenly caught fire, first one and then the second engine.The fire was observed with CP, and flight director ordered the pilots to immediately leave the tow truck.Zabolotny and Abushenko ejected directly from the ground and lost control of the aircraft descended from the concrete strip and burned completely.The pilots also survived, but were inevitable in such a case of injury.
According to one version, the crew to land in excess of the maximum angle of attack and touched the runway the engine nozzle, which is why and on fire.Air Force Commander Gen. Vladimir Mikhailov banned flying the MiG-31 until the investigation of the accident.Immobilized put all the MiG-31.Despite its excellent performance, the MiG-31 is rather complicated to use and flying, which requires the most skilled pilots and technicians.Since the beginning of production in 1978, with the MiG-31 was about 40 of accidents, including 13 accidents.Moreover, 19 of them - the fault of the pilots.
October 14, 2003 at Rzhev in the Tver region during a test flight crashed MiG-31.The cause was incurred in one of the engines on fire.Both pilots managed to eject the fighter and survived.
February 28, 2001 in the Murmansk region MiG-31 made an emergency landing without landing gear.Because of the fire in the engine refused to hydraulics.The pilot was not injured.
April 5, 2000 near the village.Savvaty Kotlas region Arkhangelsk region caused by the MiG-31 pilot made a hard landing, in which the nose landing gear had broken down and on fire.The pilot suffered burns, incompatible with life.
September 26, 1997 near the town of Borisov Vyshnevolotsk region Tver region during the flight one of the engines caught fire MiG-31.The crew successfully ejected, the plane crashed.
January 15, 1997 near Kotlas Arkhangelsk region in a few minutes after the start of a training flight crashed fighter plane from a height of 12,000 m, 13,000 and exploded.Both pilots were killed.As a result found out, in flight, they lost consciousness due to acute oxygen deficiency, the cause of which has not been established.
The volume of production of the Nizhny Novgorod aircraft building plant "Sokol" in 2005 increased by almost 13%.By 2010 the plant plans to double its gross output by performing existing contracts.One of the main production program of the plant - the modernization of MiG-31.As part of the state defense order "Falcon" in 2006, will continue to modernize unique in its combat and technical characteristics of the MiG-31 equipped with an upgraded radar, "Barrier-AM" and the new weapon.Detection range of aerial target to increase by 40-60%.The new radar will be able to detect at a distance of about 300 km up to 24 air targets and attack up to 8 of them.
January 17, 2006 the Russian Air Force Commander Mikhailov said: "We are actively engaged in the modernization of MiG-29 and MiG-31 in their cabins can accommodate new equipment that will increase their effectiveness in two and a half, three times or more. Technology, held armed with air defense weapon called the most peaceful. Indeed, with it never attack. ""Despite the existence of the world's best air defense missile systems, such as C-300, S-400 air defense mission to organize the country without air can not be solved", - said Vladimir Mikhailov, noting that the air defense fighter aircraft is on alert around the clock throughout Russia.In particular they are accompanied by realistic goals."As a rule, this aircraft reconnaissance aircraft of NATO countries, who are constantly" utyuzhat "our state borders, and it must respond.Air defense forces achieved the impact on the offender, as manifested in the destruction and forced to land in a specified airfield ", - said Mikhailov.
However, he said, the fighter defense can both destroy and save the aircraft.They can help airliners in distress.Due to the high speeds, capable fighter in the shortest time to get close to aircraft illegally entered into the Russian airspace and, if indeed there is a failure of navigation or communications equipment, to perform the role of leader, escorting the aircraft to the nearest airfield.
The head of the RAC "MiG" Alexei Fyodorov said that the modernization of MiG-31 is a long time.According to him, this is one of the few programs that consistently, punctually funded by the Defense Ministry.In 2005, the upgraded MiG-31 had planned to pass on state tests and the first machines of this type should go into service.
The machine, as experts believe, has a good export potential.Possible buyers could make Libya, Iraq (with a corresponding change in attitude towards him of the international community), China and others have traditionally focused on Soviet aircraft of the country.Especially as "phony war" in Yugoslavia, clearly showed that in conflicts of this kind are not super-maneuverable aircraft wins, and one who "sees more" and whose "club longer."It is the experience of the Yugoslav war showed that the MiG-31 - export potential.China, for example, selecting a few years ago, Su-27 and now again draws attention to the MiG-31.

Construction of the MiG-31

In the 70's Institute started work on two very big topics that have been carried over into the next decade, participation in the construction of a complex of MiG-31 and completion of the aviation component of the strategic triad - the Tu-160 with the Kh-55M-based work on Tu-95cm and the Kh-55.

... I must say that when it was created the first high-altitude interceptor MiG-25 has a welded steel structure, which allows it to reach speeds of 3M's - it was a revolution in aircraft.If in the 40s - early 50s a major obstacle to increasing the speed of aircraft got the sound barrier, and to overcome it was a whole era had put in the zenith of fame TsAGI.Zhukovsky, a MiG-25 became a "pioneer" in the thermal barrier.This achievement did not result in the press and literature as a violent reaction, as the overcoming of the aircraft speed of sound, but its value is not less great.

Construction of the MiG-31 was under the influence of several factors.We had to completely offset the losses incurred by our defense as a result of theft of the MiG-25 pilot in Japan Bilenko.Therefore, for the primary tactical-technical requirements (TTT) Air Force MiG-31 was conceived as a kind of evolution of the MiG-25.It was to increase the capacity of the radar, a slight increase in rate of climb, but mostly - to modernize weapons systems built on the elemental base of more 60s.Played a role, apparently, and ambition.The Americans, having studied the stolen MiG-25, noted that the Russian was laid in a progressive ideology based on the highest level of automation of the complex, which they never dreamed.But it is somewhat contemptuously estimated radar, working on lamps, while the entire world has already been used transistors.Naturally, the military is taken into account ... [200]

Our institute is at this time very carefully studied the various models reflect the aerial attack, and we strongly opposed the TTZ in the MiG-31 made by the BBC.We stated that it is necessary to build a plane that could operate in the so-called semi-autonomous mode, when it can not be guaranteed automatic interception of the land.And if we increase the capacity of its radar, up to values ​​such that the aircraft could carry a watch in the northern areas, because a potential enemy air raids and expected from the North Pole.Through him, the shortest path from the U.S., should have been, in the event of conflict, go to the USSR and group B-52 and B-1, because the distance of their flights' back and forth "was just enough on this route.

We are in the Arctic have very poorly developed network of airfields, radars, ground infrastructure, while for the success of such a reflection of the raid we had to have the lines intercept closer to the North Pole, there to tie aerial combat, and not wait until the opponent reaches the territory of the USSR .And the MiG-31, in our opinion, would be to embody the idea of ​​long-range interceptor, which has long been in aviation circles, starting with the Tu-128.After working for her, we offered to build the MiG-31 as a kind of flying anti-aircraft battery.In him we have laid all the ideas on which created ground air defense S-300 system: a multi-channel attack, phased-array radar with electronic scanning, all-digital board with a complex signal processing, etc. We realized that the pilot was unable to cope alone in the air with the amount of work he will do, it means - you need a navigator-operator, control arms, information processing, etc.

Here in this form, our concept was considered at a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Research Council-5, which in the 70s was responsible for the ground station control systems air defense system.It is not surprising, as the future aircraft had to be integrated into a unified system of air defense, and the question of linking it to her becoming one of the most important.When we outlined the MiG-31 as a remote anti-aircraft battery in good stand-alone capabilities, which will need to ensure that only the primary indication, then this idea very vigorously took up the supervisor SRI-5 Prof. Livshits, one of the main developers of the modern ideology of land-based air defense items.Following him, we supported the collective unit of fighter aircraft SRI-2 defense, led by Colonel Dolzhenko, soon was promoted to General. [201]

Thus was "broken" the 30th institute, which formed the TTT for the MiG-31.Not to say that they strongly resisted our assault, but they just plan was more modest: we proposed to create a brand new complex.And our vision was in all instances.

When the vision of the future interceptor was almost approved, Peter V. Dementiev insisted on the need to keep the MiG-25 airframe.He said:

- Production of the airframe such machines are very complicated and expensive.And if you need to improve in the main armament, the glider can keep the MiG-25.Altitude, speed remains the same, they have enough to meet the targets and the missile will still make a new ...However, keeping stocks and accessories, new car you can build a cheaper ...

In the initial phase of the Yakovlev Design Bureau.Mikoyan design team conducted a common species, which was led by chief designer Alexander A. Chumachenko.We have worked very closely with him, with all the staff of the bureau, when the "tied" this complex.Later, when the plane came to a deep stage of engineering development, testing, became the chief designer of the GE-Lozino Lozinski.After Hleb charged Evgen'evich work on our space shuttle "Buran" was replaced by Konstantin Vasil, who led the expedition to this bureau in Vladimirovka.

As soon as our concept of the MiG-31 took to the embodiment of the metal, we immediately proceeded to create a complex-loop simulation with a powerful digital equipment.We had to equip difficult to design radiobezehovy hall complex nodes purpose because the radar antenna had been phased array with electronic scanning.I had to create multi-purpose environment, because "the plane" at the same time was "fired" four goals, but still a number of other "escort" ...All this required a fundamentally new scientific and engineering solutions.If before we installed in the hall just one "horn", which is moving in two degrees of freedom, radiated by simulating the reflected signal from the target, then stand for the MiG-31 and already had their own goals to simulate using phased array, building a wall matrix these "horns".Simultaneously, we synthesized a whole range of possible interference. [202]

Radiobezehovye halls were covered with special materials, inputs have locks, which did not allow electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the outside, and looked like huge cans closed with a good defense.Thus was created radioprostranstva purity, which hosted the testing of radar, "Barrier".Its chief designer was VK Grishin of the Research Institute of Instrument Design.Vladimir Tikhomirov in Zhukovsky.The creation of this radar was a kind of epic, because it laid the latest at the time the principles of information processing and management different from those that we have, using an electromechanical antenna.It took us a multipath management, support of multiple air targets, and this - a very different logic than that of the MiG-25.

At the same time we have been perfecting the logic of group interaction MiG-31.When an airplane flies, it is not only itself can attack the target, but also organizes the target distribution, managing a group of other aircraft.And, more important, he could be paired with a MiG-23 as a flying command post.Above this, we first of its quality and not thought, but when they began to reflect on the problems of semi-autonomous action of the MiG-31 in the sky, we realized that the aircraft can be operated and the other fighters.Power its onboard computers make it possible to "trace" purposes, the forecast trajectories and give them targeting a group of aircraft.To do this, the MiG-31 appeared a special digital transmission line command that allows you to reset the service information on other side interceptors.Thus, the MiG-31 took over the functions of not only flying anti-aircraft batteries, which can simultaneously fire four goals, but also the command post aircraft group, which is very important to be able to do in Northern Russia.Indeed, as predicted, a raid by the United States will always be a group ...Later, when the cruise missiles, it became clear that our aircraft defense will have to deal not only with the bombers, but with reflection coating is mainly missiles.At the same breeding system leads to not hundreds, of thousands of targets, and in such circumstances the capacity and productivity is crucial interception.

We are faced with serious difficulties when developing software.This problem was a long time, because the first airborne digital computers were not allowed to use high-level languages, had limited memory size and speed and to "pack" them in the desired program, required a considerable art programmer. [203] These are people who coded algorithms management, were engaged in packing, must have had a very highly qualified, as programmers, systems analyst.And what happened?They quickly realized the kind of their "caste" and began to dictate the terms of managers work.To raise the price of their labor, they tried as little as possible to document the process of programming, keep it in its own memory, which soon became a bottleneck when working on the MiG-31.Our team quickly saw through this tactic, and we have made ​​several attempts to create automated systems for programming, testing programs, let guests ...It has not caused much enthusiasm in the ranks of software developers, they are not very willing to support us in these endeavors.Only in the 90 years we have managed to create a system of standards required when we switched to high-level languages, have high-speed machines, and programming of art turned into a craft.Americans have been easier - they are ahead of us in creating an electronic database, and we, with the worst equipment, were forced to operate on the principle "necessity is the mother of invention."And in math so we have reached the level of art.So the MiG-31 as it spurred the creation of complex software systems.They existed before - for the Su-24 Su-24M and Tu-22M and Tu-95, but perhaps the most difficult of these was the complex of MiG-31.

In general, the more in his institution, we went in depth studies of possible scenarios, which would have involved the MiG-31, the harder it became a logic control algorithms, with the subsequent transition to program digital computers.There was a problem in the display, through which the pilot and the navigator-operator can assess the air situation, problems of orientation ...So our set-loop simulation of the MiG-31 has become complicated to the extreme, but in the end we came to the conclusion that using it could lose in a room all imaginable and unimaginable "dogfights."At the same time we exposed him to all kinds of interference, which at that time owned the enemy ...

All this work took more than eight years in the early 80s the MiG-31 was adopted for the defense and still has no analogues in the world.The closest to him in his ideology was an American F-14 carrier-based interceptor.It could also lead multi-fire, but its mechanical antenna scanned the situation in one line (such as a scan line on the TV screen) - line by line.And only when one of the lines appear more goals (four) - while the F-14 could attack them at the same time. [204] But it is very rarely happens that goal stood in one line ...Our antenna is allowed to fire them at different heights, distances, etc., F-14 also did not know how to manage a group fight, operate semi-autonomous ...This is understandable, since Americans have never faced a serious problem the organization of interception and reflection of the massive air raid by the Soviet Union, because we practiced defense doctrine and did not have large air groups.Offensive strategy we have built on the basis of ballistic missiles ...Therefore, in the U.S. and there is a strong air defense system.A F-14 was created to escort aircraft carriers, a group of naval vessels, thus has more modest requirements, since a massive raid on a group of these ships is practically excluded.

In general, the military complex of MiG-31 raised to a higher level capabilities of our air defense system.But with the commissioning of the air defense system S-300P and S-300V, we got such a defense system of Russia, which by its strength and power is unparalleled in the world and to this day.Although aging equipment will inevitably be taken in precisely her "flaws" with this process if our government will not fight as now required by the international situation.But the MiG-31 while on his site quite effectively keeps the defense.This was confirmed by a number of maneuvers and military exercises held in the coming years - the MiG-31 is very effective work of interception of cruise missiles, high-altitude targets.The range of his work range from extremely low to extremely high altitudes than had neither an interceptor in the world.

Thus, in my view, MiG-31 was the "swan song" of the Soviet Union in the establishment of a fighter-interceptor.After that it went only perfection - we put the MiG-31M, which ennobled the individual modes make it difficult to signal processing, etc., but I would call them the purely evolutionary.

Along with work on the creation of the MiG-31 went on the birth of a new missile and for him - K-33, which brought the range up to 300 kilometers, which is much overlap with the possibility of ground-based anti-aircraft missiles.This was achieved by the fact that K-33 "thrown" at the height of almost 30 000 feet, and from there she went to the target on a ballistic trajectory, and when approached with it - it involves self-direction.We used it as a natural ballistic capabilities, not just energy, thereby greatly increased and the range. [205] This approach was born in the walls of our institution - we have evolved an ideology, and the development of the rocket itself was entrusted to CB "Vympel" , headed by chief designer GA Sokolovsky.However, its a little "spoiled" because GE Lozino-Lozinsky insisted that it "drowned" in the special grooves in the fuselage of the MiG-31.This was done in order to reduce aerodynamic drag, but, in my view, an interceptor thrust was so high that the K-33 could safely attach and under the wing.And some turned spetsraketa "tailoring" that no other aircraft besides MiG-31 does not hang.

For the first time on this rocket was used to command and control of the transition to self-direction.This allowed for group reflection coating to let the enemy missile at a target, and if necessary, until she moved to self-direction, redirect it to another point.Moreover, to make it so that it was on purpose, which attacked another plane, and he perceived her to have as "their", although it was put to them was not.

That is such a complex combination of air combat scenarios, we practiced catch in their booths-loop simulation.I am sure that this was justified because it helps improve the combat training of pilots, forcing the group to think in terms of modern air combat, when in a raid can participate entire aviation division, a huge compound, and the success of combat is determined by many factors, but in the first place - up management, target distribution ...I think this is a key challenge that will determine success in aerial combat.But to deal with it in full, would have a lot of work.This is an area where improvement would be to go indefinitely, unless, of course, no war will be reduced to counter-terrorism operations against an enemy who has no aviation.Or if not a nuclear war breaks out, after which there will be nothing, including the aviation ...

... What we're doing in the late 80s?Along with work on the future of the Su-27M and MiG-29M was a modernization of the MiG-31 and its transformation into a MiG-31M.It also became widely used Doppler signal processing of the target, but basically we did increase the firing range missiles, the development of modes of the group of these machines in action and multi-channel attack.This mode, which to this day does not own any aircraft in the world. [273] And our MiG can simultaneously fire at group targets redirect weapon during firing.Such complex regimes are still nowhere in the world is not implemented, as well as an integrated system of radar target detection, optical viewfinder and a sight on the helmet of the pilot, used on the Su-27 and MiG-29.It is also to some extent the merit of our institute.

The first machine of the type 05 was built in Nizhny Novgorod Aircraft Manufacturing Plant in 1984-85, respectively.Pace of construction for the first series was one car per year.

Almost parallel to the work was done and the type 07, which was built two pieces, to the appointment of a conspiracy plane sounded like a "scout weather."

At the factory are currently only 4.3.05 and 4.5.04 except hurt.

The first was built in 1992, after the equipment was removed.4.5.04 does not join, changed the layout of blocks, respectively, the radar and cutting hatches bow.

In the future, address the question of resumption of production of the MiG-31.Possible completion of the plant brushed type 12 and type 05.

When you create a type 05 were taken into account the proposals of the design bureau of the plant "Sokol" (in those days, the Gorky aircraft plant named after Sergo Orzhonikidze - GaziSO).As part of the finalization of type 01 were drafted and type 01M type 94, of course, they mainly focused on this structure.During the release of the MiG-31A CB factory worked tirelessly from the externally visible changes can be called a modernized air intake, which is a result of the work has become much simpler and smarter.From old it features a fully plastic fairing "Birches" and not projecting above the sink intake.

In the car, Type 94, emphasis was placed on the additional amounts under vyiskivanie fuel system, among other things, it was suggested that the bottom of the tank.In connection with these works in the plant went to a legend that one of the solutions designers are obliged to reckless fitters from the final assembly shop.Passed testing of the chassis, I must say that this is one of the extravaganza shows, perhaps it is in second place after "seaming engine."The plane is hanging in several spiral elevators, it seems the three, who in turn stand on a special pedestal - slipway.Stocks above the floor level at 300 - 500 mm.And this "mass" hanging over her head, she "live" because the "board" connected to the hydraulic machine.Open and closed canopy, were moving rudders, ailerons, flaps, slats and then connected to the general background of the chassis.The main landing MiG-31 - a work of art for their creation and start-up at the time did not spare premiums, besides, that they themselves are not small, so still hanging over his head removed from the truck by turning on its axis, and ends this action is closing, there is - a loud slamming of the valves.

And in such a "nervous" conditions after landing gear and the necessary manipulations, the crane chassis set at issue and with the main desk of the person fell niche.

It turns noting that hydraulics went to smoke, he wasted no time hid in the niche, since it is fairly deep, with a view to overcome the identified deficiencies.Hydraulics somehow came faster than usual and simply forgot to examine the niche before work.It is said that, surprisingly, Fitter was injured as a result of course was followed by "whips" Hydraulics and constructors - "cakes" for "prudence".

Re-examining carefully the main niche stands revealed, which is called "hidden reserves" over there and expanded the tank, which when combined with other measures, has increased the fuel capacity to 1,250 kg, is more than 1500 liters.

The first fuselage 01/05/01, the future of the MiG-31M, collected in 1984.Loaded onto a trailer, he was sent to Moscow for the plant, "Zenit" - pilot production of the MiG Design Bureau.In contrast to the later machines, the first tank compartment had a batch of MiG-31A (Type 01), it can be seen on the picture, a narrow cave, although it ends a new, flush-mounted in the fuselage brake parachute container.Keeley no later clipped butt and small-scale wing with the influx.

The first flight of an experienced fighter-interceptor MiG-31M was held December 21, 1985 Crew - test pilot Boris Orlov and test pilot A. Popov.

At this time, "Falcon" finishing work second airframe for static testing of 01/02/05.

This figures adopted at the plant classification read as follows: type 05, second series, the first machine in this series.It should be noted that the serial MiG-31 was, I believe, five cars in the series.Prototypes are first on a single machine in the series, then two and so on before reaching the design level of output.Change the series due to the fact that usually the machine in one series from each other do not differ, which is not about new types, in which variations are common.

The following sample 3.5.01, later hull number 052 (second flight type 05) was entirely assembled in Nizhny Novgorod.This machine has different serial appearance of the new expanded to 200 - 300 mm tank compartment, which he struggled to get out of stocks Type 01, the axis of motor parted to the side (a Type 01 nozzles "look" inside), lifted butt keel for rudders, keels since remained in place and aft fuselage widened.There was a modernized wing with the increased influx and wingtips with installed antennas electronic means.Naturally all is redesigned bottom of the fuselage, there is now housed 6 new missile R-37 for ACU-610.These ejection device purchased, as they say, the usual form in comparison with the CRA's serial MiG-31, now you can hang out under the wing (in the options provided for the suspension of a P-37 for each console).In one test flight, this board has been broken.

As far as is known in the family of the MiG-31M lost two cars, the first due to the failure in the fuel system (perhaps it was a modified serial MiG-31), the second - the destruction of managers in the management system, it's likely the number was 052 (01/03/05 .)

Other machines in the third 05/03/02 05/03/03 and is distinguished by the forkilya apparently tried to compensate for the cropped portion.In addition, according to unconfirmed reports, the board among other equipment 02/03/05 aerocamera installed.

The car returned to the old 5.3.04 appearance - removed fokrkili instead taken zakontsovok hung containers with electronic countermeasures, "Whitcomb winglets."There were protruding antenna on the inside of the keel.

The fourth series of the installation can be considered, three cars out of it completed the "Soviet period" in the creation of the MiG-31M.04/05/02 shone on several exhibitions with the hull number 057 (type 05, the seventh flight vehicle).

The following sample has been completely assembled 04.05.03 and in July 1992 was placed at the airport and maybe even fly.In the mid-nineties, he was returned for revision to the main assembly plant, the equipment was removed and as such was 4/3/05 until at least 1997.

The penultimate built, but not assembled airframe in the glorious family of type 05 04/04/05 launched in the final assembly plant in the nineties.The nose portion has undergone changes due to relinking blocks station "Barrier-M."

To date, the reserve is fully assembled fuselage and probably other parts of the airframe, the car 04/05/05 (?), There is a fully assembled tank compartment 05/05/01 - unknown, but at least it was run production .If a decision on the completion of backlog MiG-31M, 04.05.05 board will most likely be the last, as the experience of welding such machines, together with the staff almost lost.

technical characteristics of the MiG-31M

max takeoff weight.51 500 kg
45 900 kg of normal 
weight 17 600 kg of fuel 
M max.2.83 (3000 km \ h)
M Kreis.2.35
Overload (m <0.8) 4.3 
(M> 0.8) 3.9 
with K-37 under the wing of 3.0 
length of 21,620 meters (without PA) 
range 13,656 m 
height 6.55 m 
3,637 m track chassis 
chassis base 7,253 m 
5.84 m midship section area 
engines D-30F6M 
                                                  2 * 15 500 kg (PF) 
                                                  2 * 16 330 kg (RPT) 
ceiling of 20,000 m

load

K-37 K-33C-610 for the CRA under the fuselage beneath the wing + 2 
K-27 (E) of the APU-470 
K-77 at the AAP \ CRA-170 
K-73 by AAP-73 

Radar, "Barrier-M" 
accompanied by 24 goals to 12 in the RDS objectives. 

Teplopelengator 42P 
accompanied by six goals. 

ECM system

Detection, location, identification, and permanent monitoring for 30 goals.

Differences from the MiG-31.

Changed the nose of the fuselage, the contours and design to shp.4, in connection with the installation of the radar "Barrier-M".Cone angle - 37 degrees (instead of 32), modified contours and design of the lamp, a cylindrical glass front.Rod T \ W right, in front of the lantern, emergency PA on the left.At the bottom of the bow of the retractable teplopelengator.Changed the cabin: the second shot control.Six of SD circuit 3 3, the three front poluutopleny, recessed nacelle drag chute.Increased diameter of the afterburner, redesigned the nozzle (nozzle hard cook).Changed the contours and design of the tail.The nose strut is shifted forward by 140 mm.Changed angles government, changed the ending of the wing, increased influx, removed aerodynamic ridges.Changed the bottom of fuselage.Nodules removed keels, clipped the rear of the root.Nasal air intake shell is smoothly regulated.

List of vehicles built: 
 

1.01/05/01 the first flight, the glider was built in Nizhny Novgorod, being completed in Moscow.
2.02/01/05 for strength tests.
3.3.5.01 board number 052.
4.05/03/02 aerocamera installed.
5.03/05/03?
6.03/04/05 forkiley no.
7.04/05/01?
8.2.4.05 board number 057.
9.4.3.05 has been fully assembled (July 1992), in Nizhny Novgorod.
10.4/5/04 just a glider in Nizhny Novgorod.

 

Subject MiG-31d was a continuation of the project E-155N early sixties, who was perhaps the very first version of the future of the MiG-25.

Since 1978, the Bureau "Vympel" is developing anti-satellite missile, equipped with OBCH,having the opportunity to start with the MiG-31.

In 1986 -87 year s at the Gorky aircraft factory had been built dv e machine with factory index type 07. your Product was to be a b olshuyu specialized missile weapon control system has beencompletely altered by it.Deepening under the P-33 was sealed.Both prototypes do not have a radar (rather than it was a 200-kg weight model), radiotransparent nose cone was replaced with a metal, a niche site for CRA R-33 SD-stitched by installing a sliding central pylon for "articles".The planes were single. airframe of the MiG-31d is a mixture of "Type 01" and "type 05" with a large triangular planes at the ends of the wing ("flippers"), similar to those that stood on the prototype of the MiG-25P."Fins" have served to increase stability in flight on a hanger on the outside pole big rocket.  Jets have hull numbers 071 and 072.

In 1987 , the board number 072, vehicle anti-satellite missile, went to flight-test pilots in the bureau of Zhukovsky.The first flight test conducted and AGFastovets.The test program lasted several years but was discontinued in the early '90s because of unclear situation with the emergence of a new missile. According to officials of Russia in 1992, in future tests of this system are possible.In August the same year in the magazine "Aviation Week and Space Technology" was first published photo of MiG-31 with an anti-missile under the fuselage . At the present time machine № 071 and № 072 located in Kazakhstan, possibly at the site "A".

According to Deputy General Designer of OKB.A. Mikoyan Belosveta it since 1997, began developing the system into near-earth orbit space aircraft with  the help of the MiG-31.The basis will be put to the experience gained as a result of EDB experiments with anti-MiG-31d.Commercial launch vehicle LV-S 40-200 kg payload will be launched with the MiG-31d flying at an altitude of 17000 m at 3000 km / h.They should be designed by OKB "Vympel", specializing in the creation of SD air-to-air.The first experimental launch of the rocket was expected in 1999-2000.

Since 1978, the Bureau "Vympel" is developing anti-satellite missile, equipped with OBCH having the opportunity to start with the MiG-31.The defeat of the goals is likely carried out under the scheme: the missile was deduced on the specified height and the undermining of warheads.

"... In the period 1987-1992 gg. Was conducted more than 100 launches anti-satellite missile from the MiG-31d, and the firings conducted Fastovtsom A. and T. Aubakirov Sary-Shagan in fully confirmed the readiness of the complex to the adoption."

In 2005, the complex "Ishim" is being followed at  929 glycyl Defense Ministry

According to unconfirmed reports the car looks different from the 071 072 long beams "flipper."

Debutant Asian Aerospace 2006 company Kazkosmos of Kazakhstan for the first time publicly presented the promising air-missile system into orbit "Ishim", created on the basis of the MiG-31d.Based on materials from the company, "Ishim" is designed for quick removal in different orbits a large number of small satellites.According to experts Kazkosmos in the XXI century will require removal and maintenance of various on-orbit constellations of small satellites, the best tool for what can be a complex based on the MiG-31d.
The complex includes two aircraft carrier, designated the MiG-31 And, a three-stage launch vehicle, is suspended between the engine nacelles, as well as aerial command-and-measurement system based on the Il-76MD.Take-off weight of the MiG-31 And with the launch vehicle is 50 m, range up to the point of starting - 600 km, the height of the point of launch - from 15 to 18 km, the speed at start-up - 2120-2230 km / h.
The length of the payload bay for launch vehicle is 1.4 m in diameter, 0.94 m. The complex allows you to display a circular orbit with an inclination of 46 ° to 160 kg payload to an altitude of 300 km or 120 kg to an altitude of 600 km.The orbital parameters excretion can vary widely, including highly elliptical, sun-synchronous, equatorial, polar, with an inclination of up to 115 °, etc.It is proposed to use complex "Ishim" from the territory of the contracting authority for basing aircraft at the aerodrome of first class.Complex "Ishim" created in cooperation with the RAC "MiG" (developed by the aircraft carrier) and the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering (developer launch).
Kazkosmos also proposes to use complex Sary-Shagan test site for international projects.

http://www.take-off.ru/asp/ishim_singapur                                                   Alexander Velovich
 

... Kazakhstan is going to roll another joint space project with Russia.The head of the republic space agency said that the stop work to create air space rocket complex (CBC) "Ishim".The reason - economic unreasonableness beginnings. 
The main Russian partner of Kazakhstan in the framework of the "Ishim" played the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering.An agreement with the Kazakh government was signed in November 2005.Now representatives of Kazkosmos going to close the project "because of weak marketing study and the inability to market", quotes Talgat Musabayev agency "Interfax".
Complex "Ishim" is intended to launch small satellites for civilian use.His base is the MiG-31, able to lift at the right height small-sized rocket with the satellite.Separated from the aircraft carrier, missile, using its own engine, rising to even greater heights and leads to a relatively low orbit of the spacecraft.
Plan to curtail construction Kazkosmos AAC "Ishim" supported by the Ministry of Defense. 
"There's a lot of issues - said the First Deputy Minister of Defence - Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces Mukhtar Altynbayev.- Firstly, the cost of screening may be unfounded, because in fact the design of an existing aircraft is expensive.This new plane should actually do.These preliminary costs can lead to what would have to abandon this project. "

---------

From the history of the MiG-31

Alexander Y. Garnaev

Hero of the Russian Federation honored test pilot of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Economic Science, State Counsellor Grade 1.
 

Held a long series of trials experienced a complex strategic "07", has successfully completed conducting combat operations of credit.

August 24, 1987 when the test flight on the MiG-31 as a crew member with a test pilot named OKB Mikoyan AN Kvochur the speed limit near supersonic flight (more than M = 2,5) and a height of more than 17 km was the destruction of the lamp and the explosive decompression cockpit.The crew successfully extinguished the subsonic speed up, produced reduction, approach and landing at the base airfield test "Ramenskoye" (Zhukovsky).

November 1, 1990 in the implementation of the test flight, combined with experienced overtake heavy interceptor "Vol. 05" there was a failure of one engine that because of imperfections in the experimental aircraft on-board power supply system led to an immediate complete failure of the onboard navigation system.With one engine running and a failed navigation system, in the absence of options for care at alternate aerodromes, the first approach was made landing at the military airfield of destination, the actual weather conditions considerably worse than the lower limit of the normalized meteorological conditions (lower edge of the cloud about 20 m).The aircraft was shut down cleanly within the runway, no damages received.The reasons for failure were subsequently identified and corrected.

http://www.peoples.ru/military/aviation/alexander_garnaev/

Wrote "The Snake" http://aviaforum.ru/
 

He climbed into his flying book and found what he looking for.February 12 1988goda - "sortie on the SR-71".
This "black bird" (or as it is sometimes called the "Blackbird"), flew in the North and the Far East, scheduled for departure on it was fairly routine, it was designed to seconds - at a certain time commitment took on a team took off at a certain point - Fast and the Furious, set out in the proposed starting point and wait - could violate the border?But he had seen were good computers - never made a mistake.
There was once in the North case, when the program was violated his right loop (when he turned the right turn past the New Earth, o.Kolgueva, Kanin Peninsula and along the Kola Peninsula), but it is not connected to the computer.There was something with one of its engine.He had to urgently "to roll" with the 24000m at the height where he could fly on one engine and land not in England, where he always took off, and in Norway.
And here, on the Kamchatka Peninsula, too, everything was on once and for all established scheme.And they are "adversaries", got used to it.But somewhere here in the "top", decided to test the adversary to "lice" and was invented by a new scheme of departure.Usually it is waiting for a MiG-31 to PPP over Kamchatka, but the new scheme took off two aircraft - one in the usual way, and the second went far into the Pacific Ocean (as the SR-71 always went to the coast of Kamchatka at a height of 20-22 km at a right angle, and then a left rotation went to Okinawa, almost teal on the "ribbon").Navigators on earth to calculate all the seconds, when and what to do to the SR-71 at high speeds and altitudes passed over the MiG-31, flying on his route, "and came (SR-71) in the starting point for his turn at the most advantageous range start missiles, the MiG-31 in the VSL, if the SR-71 suddenly mazanet on "ribbon." Here he is n. .. en on both sides. In any case, its debris would fall from this height on the coast of Kamchatka. No options. That more, if it was shot on a on both sides - the probability of its survival would be zero.
They picked up a pair - one went into the interior of Kamchatka as usual, and I, on the new route, the starting point of a reversal in the Pacific.Everything turned out as expected - up speed, scored 20 000m, dispersed M = 2.83, listen to commands from the command post.I hear - is catching up.When told that: - "The goal of you, above two thousand", made the list becauseinterfere with the review cover up the lantern and the "pot" on the head (GSH-6A), but just could not see, or rather looking for is not where he was.First noticed a gleam and a short inversion, and then he saw himself and the SR-71.His shows were not very good - dark, on a dark background sky, was visible only a silhouette.He overtook me quite briskly (the rate for such flights was somewhere 3300 km / h) and somewhere in the range of 10 km from the CP, I'm talking navigator: - "Let's light!"Seconds after two or three after that, it reached the "unspecified" number of miles to their usual payment terms, the "Blackbird" abruptly started to spread from Kamchatka and drove off into the Pacific Ocean, rather than go the usual route to Okinawa.Perhaps the detection of radiation equipment and radar warning about setting it on the attack he was OK, and the power of our radar at this distance as "lupanula" by his intelligence apparatus supersensitive radio aids that can be seen next playing "cat and mouse" and the risk something he did not want to.What happened to him next, I do not know.I had to build a landing approach, asFuel I was not so much.
That's how I once had a chance to scare vaunted "Thrush."
And just for the SR-71 I raised 9 times.And another 32 departures RC-135 and "Orion."


He remembered how he himself had the opportunity to accompany the Tu-95, fly away on patrol for the Pole.
Somewhere in 1883, summer, Amderma.INT came for assistance Tu-95, departing through the pole to America.There have been several cases of failure of a mission, due to noise, provided the process of refueling a Tu-95 from the tanker in international waters, placed by the reconnaissance aircraft RC-135.Adversary time to settle down before bomber to the tanker and followed him for many hundreds of miles, not allowing to take fuel than thwarted the combat mission.Identified four aircraft, the flight team, the leading squadron commander Valentin Bugaev (God rest his soul, died in a car).Said channel, where you can contact the "Dalnik."Tasked to drive away the adversary, if there was, from a pair which has controlled for a combat mission.First I'm flying in a group, and closing Bugaev.
Explanation for the AI ​​- this was our (long-range interceptor Tu-128) military construction for flight team - leading flies behind the group, in this case, four aircraft, leading all see on your screen and can lead the whole group.
By the time (about 16-17 hours it was) took off, went across the new land, turned to the north.At the desired point saw the two Tu-95 tanker, which ran parallel to Novaya Zemlya in neutral waters.Us with the CP Rogachevo warned that along to us at 60 km is the RC-135, but close does not fit.We go to the left of "Dalnik" from the Barents Sea, where some three kilometers to four, from the sun.At the desired point began dressing.Look for dressing the part was interesting - saw it all first.Approached the tanker, refueled and latched on the first, followed by the second.Blade lined up - back in excess of the front.Right and left lapel rolled the tanker.A pair of Tu-95 flew in silence, and we go almost next to them and remain silent.Ahead of the m.Zhelaniya up (end point of Novaya Zemlya), it remains somewhere in 150-200 km.Bugaev does not stand up and asks for their channel's leading pair of Tu-95: - "..., us for a long time to accompany you? "Two minutes silence.Bugaev repeats.On the air asking - "Who asked for ...?"Bugaev answers: - "Yes this is us, the Quartet accompany you for a long time for us to fly with you?"On air: - "And where are you? Who are you?""Yes, we are here on your left about 500 km flying, are you, we do not see?""Guys, who you are and where from?""We Amderma.""It can not be, as far as the fighters do not fly! Come closer, we consider the sun interferes with you."Came very close, waved their wings.Bulls in general came to him at 100 meters.And they ask: - "And what is this plane, though some firms that?""Yes firm that we have is the same as your".They are all delighted: - "We did not know that such machines we have in service, thanks guys, can still meet and when!"Wished each other a happy flight and turned back to his home.According to the plan in the morning we again had to fly to meet them at the same place, but I can not remember why that is not grown together.The second time we never flew.


I want to cheer up a little people, try to write about an interesting event that can laugh. 
Here, on a branch of AI, one topic was raised about the political officer, but somehow it quietly, "raids".Maybe in MA political officer were good people (ie people - in a good sense of the word), but here's a defense, many of them were so, on which were not pleasant memories.Maybe those who appointed them to positions such as time and put those people who belonged to polit.rabote with greater zeal than for flying.So that's why some political officer and flew so that later on they told the people stories.I'll tell you about one of them.Go to warn - no names, no names will not be there for a reason.
Kamchatka, Spring 1989.
They picked up on duty for the "Orion", and it directly at the exit of the spinning Avacha Bay, a boat was waiting.He walks just 50 km from the exit, 60-70 km in one direction, turn, 60-70 in the other direction, and then again.The lower edge of the cloud cover was somewhere in 3500-4000m, but he walks in the clouds, points 7-8, but there will see him hell, and even more so that he walks at a speed of 400-450km \ h.MiG-31 at that speed just does not hold, even more so - with a full suspension.Constantly had to fly snake, or make a turn, at this time he goes to 25-30 km, you will catch it and turn again.And so an hour and a half, until the change comes.Cheat for this time in the clouds, ready yourself for it pulnut, that discourage others were.The first who came to support, its otdezhuril, a change soared, friend-friend "Orion" passed.Lapel and once in the calculation, there are all nearby.The second, which replaced, was the political officer of AE W. H ... ... to.Turned around, went to "Orion" in the LPP at a distance of 30km.Beginning to converge.At a minimum distance from the goal - the lapel of the border, turn, again out of LPP.A "Orion" at this time is unfolding in the opposite direction - closer, slipped past each other, and turn again, the output of LPP.And so for nearly an hour chasing each other or each other.B. zadolbali already chasing him.V. And he first flew not only on the "Orion", and in general of the DMZ."How is that - subordinate flying, accompanied by the foe, but he did not even imagine what it is."Volunteered for duty the day to fly, that's it, and raised.But how to behave and what to do?Really something and did not know.Especially because the CP all the time - then tighten the right, make friends, unscrew the left, the label merged out right.W., found nothing better than to give the team co-driver: - "Plug-high, and we ourselves shall see him, without the CP."The navigator had retorted that accompanied the radiation does not include, but ordered the VA and the navigator included.Now, they target themselves see navigator in command, and V. spinning behind him.The goal to "Attack", the failure of the attack during a turn, then another "attack".One hour of exercises of course all the bother.Oh what forced to throw the trigger finger VA on the control stick then back and forth, can all be automatically before reaching the consciousness of political officer may brains were busy with something else, but their actions are not controlled it.And, as in these cases, it is said - "where thinly, there and tear."B. no instruction prior to admission to the database does not pass and did not know that two tumbler "SpetsSistema", which are included with all AZSami, one must turn off.They include only after a decision to attack.Q. And all-inclusive, on target "attack" to a target 22 kilometers, the purpose permitted in the zone starts and gashetochka the handle forward and backward.Suddenly a weird sound of the fuselage, as if the chassis locks gone.Mate and says V.: - "What are you, the chassis is that it released?"B. says: - "No, I thought it was something you do out there, the lights red chassis, I burn."Skipper says: - "I have something a suspension of large missiles does not burn, but when pressed - lit.""And I, too, is not on, I wonder why?"A missile accidentally launched by B. on the "Orion", at this time flies itself and does not know what they say about it.Skipper says V.: - "Are you out there in the booth at home, doing nothing? Let's turn off the light just in case.""Come on, switch off."Skipper turned off the high and "Orion" did not even know what else would be a few seconds and ...What really would further suggest hard, but possible.What would happen then, when a label is missing from the screen indicators - is hard to imagine, but it would be a full part ... u!I think - everything, not only with B. navigator.But they continue as if nothing had happened, accompanied by "Orion".Then flew change and W. went home.I went and sat down, zarulivaet where technician puts checks on weapons.The technician put the checks and, crawling out from under the plane, one unnecessary VI shows the check.But saw it as political officer for permission to taxi on, in the DMZ, and the technician running it.Zarulivaet, off the engines, uses techniques that climbs a ladder and asks Q: - "And where is the rocket-Delhi?""What a rocket?""Like what - great!"B. from the cab and under the plane."E-ne-reh-se-te!"And then instead of the rocket thruster just sticks out, which is a parallelogram with its push down on startup."What?""What will happen now!"Bell captain, after 15 minutes he was in the DMZ.What then was there ...!At first thought, scrunching his brow all ruk.sostavom regiment, then division, then the Army.Secretive about all of this incident, God forbid that somewhere pops!It was thought that the noise will be at the international level, but for some reason, nothing happened.Urgent, after a few days, made a fire right on the shelf the place where lost and the rocket.Shot day and night.And so it was written off a rocket.
B. Of course the full program "otimeli" and then he was transferred somewhere.
Then we reached to the rumors that he, as deputy political commissar of AE, while putting up posters all over the State Emergency Committee in support of these "goofy" and when they were arrested one night he took off all their posters and soon became an ardent "democrat". 
Here they are - political officer.