|
|
|
|
Vadim Lukashevich and Alexander the
Greek On a ballistic trajectory Article from Popular Mechanics November 2007
Will be only one
During tests
on the deck of the "Admiral Kuznetsov" sit down and Su-27 and
MiG-29s, and even the Su-25. Nevertheless,
won the Su-27, primarily due to a strong breakdown as a general
constructor "Sukhoi" Mikhail Simonov. (A
role played here an incident with retraction of the MiG-29K deck - paralay) . Just
note that the Indians have chosen for its MiG-29 aircraft carrier. Plane
Ship's modified
Knees ago
Application of the Su-wing swept 27km had the following advantages:
What is a forward-swept wing
Fly in the Ointment In general,
the plane has the ideal. There
was only one "but." The
fact that withstand enormous pressure on bending experienced by the
forward-swept wing, the wing can only performed on composite
technology with the use of carbon fiber, which fought with the
twisting winding through directional carbon fiber. The
main drawback of this material - its Non-Repair. Carbon
fiber break can not be eliminated, and it leads to fundamental
changes in material properties.Therefore, the damaged carbon fiber
components always have to be replaced entirely, as in racing cars
"Formula 1". Bullet and
shrapnel holes in the combat aircraft, usually quickly buried in the
ground. MiG-25, made of
steel, allows even the usual brew of damage by electric
welding.Theoretically, a damaged carbon fiber wing Su-27km could be
changed entirely. Only
here to the aerodrome such aircraft will make it unlikely - with
huge loads of lost its strength from the first wing of the
projectile immediately destroyed in the air. Did
Sukhoi engineers to solve this problem, "Popular Mechanics" is
unknown.
------------
an excerpt from the book "The Su-27 The Birth of Legends"
"The next assault on Silaeva Ivanova took place ... when it adopted the program to develop aircraft of the 5th generation fighter 90s (I-90), attack the 90s (W-90) Bomber 90 s (D-90). Silaev insisted that the Sukhoi Design Bureau took part in this work by competition with Mikoyan Design Bureau. However, E. Ivanov flatly refused, saying that the Su-27 - this is the fighter of the 90s. The potential of the aircraft such that the end of the century will not be created any car that could outperform the Su-27 and its modifications. " The materials bureau found "echo" of these events. January 18, 1980 in the office of chief designer held a meeting on the development of the fighter program I-90. Head of LI 100Bondarenko reported two layout schemes considered, held under the symbols "Diamond" (with a separate fuselage) and "Slope" (with carrying case). It was noted that the T-10S has many features typical for a fighter of 5th generation, called attention to the benefits of an integrated circuit, "margin" instability and the need for "precautionary" approach to the choice of bypass ratio engine. In closing the meeting, EA Ivanov accents as follows: "now needs to focus on making modifications to the 10S and improvement of product performance in the scheme. Work in the future can continue to slowly, but it is not the main ...». May 7, 1980 at a regular meeting on I-90 is an indication it was clothed in the form of a specific decision: "Prepare a plan for I-90 in terms of product modification, a deep 10".
... At the same time MAP initiated the work on a new generation of fighters. February 5, 1982 Minister of Aviation Industry IS Silaev gave EA Ivanov note: "In order to create a front-line fighters 90s conduct studies on the layout, the definition of equipment and weapons, flight, technical and combat characteristics of tactical frontline fighter.Results of design study and proposal on how to submit further work to June 1, 1982 " Literally, within 10 days, February 15, 1982 Decision of the military industrial complex, according to which the bureau PO Sukhoi has been charged with "... study the issue of equipment of the Su-27 upgraded BBG C-27UM and question the use of these aircraft weapon of class "air-surface" and to make proposals in due course. " Thus, it is now an official statement on the execution of the works, as a result of "poluinitsiativnyh" they moved into the category of targets. Note that the MAP is directly tracked the direction of the deputy personally. Minister for experimental aircraft. On the interest shown in this subject, following facts: On March 15 MP Simonov came to EDO to personally conduct a "kick-off meeting" on the Su-27M with specialist teams of designers 100-3. On it, he "announced" its own view about what should be a new fighter: "We have to make a plane 90 years and so make a move in 14 years. In this case the main thing - to keep the team experience on the Su-27, ie,experience aerodynamic design, the experience of CDS .... By my estimation, we can get take-off weight of 26 tons, and to assess the TsAGI maximum takeoff weight - 32 tons ...». In his words, the Su-27M should be a uniform plane, which is suspended by means of a conformal container can be used in different ways: the fighter-bomber, reconnaissance, or jammer. DB asked to work on the installation of a new aircraft engine - promising turbofan-83 EDO AMSwinging or motor cycle variable (INT), the RD-107 OKB Kolesov. In addition, to consider the proposed specific options for layout decisions and the possible range of weapons.
-----------
Work on a promising fighter in OKB "Dry" began almost simultaneously with the other CB, in the early eighties in the USSR was the start of the program "I-90". The firm was awarded new car index P.22 (C - swept wing, 22 - first flight in the ninety-second year). In the early stages of designing aircraft be equipped with two RD-79M with a thrust of 17,500 kg. each. RD-79M was a modernized version of the engine of the fourth generation of the RD-79, which was mounted on the Yak-141 and has been adapted to marine conditions. With eriyny "Berkut" planning to equip the new version of F-79 which was named P-179-300 or variant omoryachennym AL-41F (izd.20). Afterburning thrust brought to 17500 - 20000 kg, the engine is equipped with a flat nozzle with thrust vector control and reverse. We must assume that P.22 from the beginning intended as a carrier-based fighter. It was originally planned to establish a broad flat nozzle, the total for the two engines. Testing of this nozzle was carried out on a flying laboratory LL-DPS (PS) under the theme izd.54 . Contribute to the formation of the shape of super-maneuverable fighter of the fifth generation, introduced by CBS and General Designer of NPO "Star" Guy Severin. It is known that even in the G-suit most pilots do not tolerate long-term congestion for more than four. Severin suggested a new concept of adaptive ejection seat, providing the pilot the possibility of maneuvering combat with much higher than previous fighters, congestion. Article about the project this chair:
The problem of loss of consciousness fighter pilots ...
At the beginning of P.22 represented the classic "duck", but in the process of detailed design it became clear that the design peretyazhelenna, at the same time the requirements have changed and the Air Force. Draft update of the plane was S-32 index. Probably due to the lack of promising engines AL-41F (izd.20), which is primarily meant for 1.42, at C-32 set (in press reports) a modification of the D-30F6 - D-30F11. It should be noted that the D-30F6 is fairly large unit and it appears that the D-30F11 - quite significantly different from the base engine.
Vadim Lukashevich about the history of the C-37.
... Yes, the Air Force from the car abandoned at once, but it was a document signed by the commander in chief of the Soviet Navy, who served as application of the customer. I started working on this machine in about 1990, when Mikhail Pogosyan was still head of the 100th Division. I have to say that this was the second flight with CBS, designed by Sukhoi Design Bureau - the first was a single-engine P.22, which after the release of the complete set of documentation will not be built because M. Simonov suggested by the experience achieved at once to design a second car with CBS.
... The development of the project was
headed by chief designer Mikhail Pogosyan. When you create a plane p.32 serious attention was paid to reduce radar signature (in this region im.P.O.Suhogo bureau has considerable experience gained during the development of heavy bombers, in particular - aircraft T-4MS). ... Construction Program aircraft carriers in the Soviet Union gathered momentum (two aircraft carriers - the "Tbilisi" and "Varangian" has been afloat, the nuclear "Ulyanovsk" has already been laid), so the carrier-based aircraft prospects were good. On deck version of the fighter, called the Su-27 km (!) And was released preliminary design in 1988, he was offered the Navy as a deep modification of the Su-27K (Su-33). The need for the superiority of the new aircraft over the most advanced at that time, analog - F-14D "Supertomket" identified the installation of two engines and a maximum takeoff weight - 40 tons. But such a heavy aircraft taking off from the ramp was built, and the catapult was supposed to appear only on "Ulyanovsk". There was also a problem with mounting a catapult to the front desk of aircraft - the Su-27K has a rear strut brace, which worked to disperse the tension, while for the layout of the Su-27km strut front desk was in front, and worked on compression. Therefore, the main mode was supposed to be off the ramp. But the calculations showed that the plane did not have time to collect the necessary speed to disperse the deck without a catapult for take-off without the necessary drawdown below the cutoff deck. There should be help out by CBS, which has a higher carrying capacity at high angles of attack, also on CBS, began with the failure of the higher angles. All this is possible to implement ballistic off the ramp, ie at the time of descent from the ramp to lift the wing has less weight to the aircraft, and he does not move like a plane, thrown like a stone on a ballistic trajectory (with angles of attack close to critical for CBS), continuing the acceleration due to working on the afterburner engines. After reaching the peak of the trajectory, the plane starts to squander down, and the drawdown could be 10-15 feet from the top of the path, but at the expense of increasing speed and a very large angle of attack of the CBS "picked up" the car, and in the descending branch of the trajectory, at around the cut ramps, ballistic trajectory returns to normal flight with a climb. That's how the scheme came to CBS development of mechanization and the double-feathered, assorokotonny aircraft with a conventional wing during take-off from the ramp just to fall overboard - bearing properties at high angles of attack conventional wing was not enough to produce the required lift. A conventional wing stall begins at lower angles of attack compared to CBS. The car was supposed to have arrestor hook and folding wing. It was supposed to use the elements of "stealth" in the shape of the machine - for this, in particular, the keels were tilted inward.Planned to equip the aircraft with radar phased array. ... Su-27km deck as the plane was supposed to be equipped with a detachable cab, which would automatically be separated from a depth of 15 meters and fully ensure the vital activity of the pilot on the high seas up to 3 days. But the most important feature, which we show to the 3D-model and which have never been seen in the open literature - it is a way of folding the CBS for a small space for storing aircraft on the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier. At this point I and his Ph.D. thesis. Words to talk about it will not - it must be seen! ... As for shaking the plane due to flow separation at the root of the CBS, I too heard about this.Go tell that to the maximum supersonic speed was relatively small, somewhere in the range 1.6 - 2.2 Mach. There is one serious drawback of the Su-27km (p.32), about which nothing is said anywhere - this is his absolute instability of battle damage. Since each wing consists of a power set, and two composite panels with a complex wound, which receive torque from the main axis of the associated Z, then, for any damage to the panel, leading to a very slight tear panel reinforcing fibers, the panel (and wing) immediately develop. Because of this, even if the machine is still coming back, neither of which activities BPO (battle damage repair) and the speech could not be, because no patch (as in the case of sealing leaks in metal design), the situation does not help - it just will not be included in the perception of stress, because still reinforcing fiber panel killed (I'm telling you as a developer of methods of calculating survivability in terms of approvals). Need only a complete replacement of the entire load of the composite panel. They were made in the NGO "Graphite", and in the prices of the early 1990s, the cost of each panel was within the range of 1.5 million rubles., Ie Set the wing panels for one car worth ~ 6 million rubles. when the production cycle for several months.
Weight graphite panels for the wings
swept back, "Golden Eagle" 15 kg \ m Features wing-swept
For CBS, allowed greater narrowing of
the wing than the KPS. During takeoff and landing ends of the earth away from CBS with increasing angle of attack, that increases flight safety. CBS control surfaces can be used as a membrane-lift for the creation of the increment of lift without changing the longitudinal moment. The only drawback - an increased tendency to develop the divergence of the ends of the wing.Application in the construction wing of composite materials in conjunction with special structural and power schemes can largely eliminate this drawback by CBS without a significant increase in weight of the wing "
------------
The test results proved that the wing in place of the junction with the influx generates a vortex "burn", which leads to unacceptable vertical tail shaking: ... At the junction of CBS and the fuselage vortex generated by a greater intensity than the straight wing sweep. Asymmetrical gathering provokes shaking on a roll and rate. P of at least one of the reasons of rejecting the use of the wing swept to PAK-FA T-50.
History of the C-32 by version Sukhoi workers
... Works on the subject of a new generation aircraft deployed in our team in early 1983 for 5 years, until 1988 they were in the industry research program to develop a new experimental aircraft with forward-swept wing. During this time it worked out a lot of options for arranging the new machine, as a result of joint work closely with the TsAGI were selected and specified the basic parameters of the aircraft aerodynamic configuration, and the latest variant of the layout even made detailed design. The chosen scheme promised for a new car a number of significant advantages over conventional air circuit. That is why, since 1988, the Sukhoi Design Bureau in coordination with the Air Force decided to full-scale development on the basis of the chosen scheme of experimental aircraft - a prototype fifth-generation machines. This work was done by early 90's. project was completed and the bureau began to be built airplane. Subsequent events soon made their adjustments to the original project: the sharp reduction in budgetary allocations for R & D Defense theme is not financed in full. To preserve the subject matter shortage of budgetary funds often have to make up their own funds EDO received on export orders. To continue work on C-37 DB management was forced to take some extraordinary measures to reduce costs. Thus, in particular, has had to replace the power plant, severely "cut" of the aircraft avionics and targeting, and strength tests to a glider flight plane instance. The schedule of construction, of course, had to adjust, but eventually the final backlog against the original term was less than a year, that for today's financing terms without exaggeration can be considered a great achievement. Construction of the glider machine was completed by mid-1996 and post-cycle strength tests at the end of the year he was transferred for completion. By May 1997 had been completed all the basic installation and assembly work, and aircraft in mid-July, was moved to the bureau in the LIS in Zhukovsky Flight Research Institute .... ... status of work on C-32 was near, that is, research experimental work, with appropriate funding, which, as we know, without the customer is not allocated. As far as can be judged, the ground than was then lure the military - the possible use of ships of the future "Golden Eagle".According to this variant called the Su-27 km (!) And was released in 1988, preliminary design But in May 1989 decision of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers, among other topics, it was closed, and the Near & D on C-32 continued mainly due to the bureau's own funds.
ostr_ov ' about the Su-47 "Berkut":
Which is the maximum angle of attack
could come out? Cobra on
it did not (suddenly)?
Vmax achieved?
Who flies it is now largely?
At supersonic often went to the
"pregnancy" and went there after an open compartment for M> 1?
When it was done on time completion
under test with a new bay?
Deflectors flow - deflection plates, as
raptors, are mechanically tied with wings?
On the bay is fulfilled only part of the
range of weapons for the PAK FA or the full range of (well, for
example, izd.180 and 750)? Pinpointing
model "cheek" compartments on the PAK FA, in the same compartment on
the "Golden Eagle"?
Just drags layouts and runs tests on
Vibration? Discharges
were not (about launches not even ask)?
Why around the aircraft so far this
secrecy and never revealed to the static on Max? After
the first flight was already 13 years! (Well,
it's rhetorical ...)
T-10-26
As part of the creation of long-term aircraft engine of the 5th generation in the late 80s. NPO.AM Swinging in collaboration with NGOs Ufa "Motor" (Chief Designer AA Ryzhov), CIAM, LII, "Sukhoi" and KnAAPO held a series of studies on a flat nozzle of variable geometry. Using a flat nozzle with movable panels could provide the thrust vector control motors in vertical and horizontal, as well as reverse thrust for effective braking aircraft during landing and combat maneuvers. In addition, the use of such nozzles was significantly contribute to reducing the infrared signature of aircraft - the parameter, which attached great importance to the development of future combat aircraft of the 5th generation. An experimental jet plane was manufactured in the NGO "Action" and is set on the left engine AL-31F Flying Laboratory LL-HC (FP), established in 1990 on the basis of the Su-27UB № 02-02 KnAAPO production. Supervisor of this flying laboratory was appointed deputy chief engineer (and later - the chief designer), "Sukhoi" Mikhail Pogosyan. Finalization of Su-27UB in flying laboratory was performed in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, after which the An-22 "Antaeus" the car was transported to the airfield FRI. At the LL-HC (FP) was made 20 flights, during which data were obtained in a significant (several times) reduce the infrared signature of an engine with a flat nozzle. Unfortunately, lack of funding did not allow this aircraft to a complete cycle of flight tests to simulate the thrust vector control and reverse. In addition, the development of a flat nozzle and its stand tests had to face two serious problems. First, in the transformation of a circular flow of gases behind the turbine into a flat in the nozzle were obtained by loss of traction, which reached 14-17%. Second, by weight flat nozzle is considerably heavier than the traditional axisymmetric. The fact is that in a round nozzle, there are only tensile stresses in the plane is there and bending. These voltages are required to take certain measures to ensure the strength to prevent deformation of the nozzle, and consequently - to inexpensively mass. This problem can be circumvented using materials like "carbon-carbon bonds." Such materials have low specific gravity and can withstand high temperatures, but still require good thermal performance - special coating of high temperature ceramics. Such materials with the requisite application for a resource on the plane, at the time were still under development. Therefore, at this stage on a flat nozzle has been decided to suspend, and, given the available reserve of thrust vector control using the jog round nozzle for future AL-41F turbofans were selected fold-axisymmetric nozzle. A similar design was implemented on the AL-31FP engines for Su-27M № 711 (T10M-11) and Su-30MKI.
The characteristics of the Su-47
Wingspan 16.07 m Overall length (with PVD) 22.6 m Height 6.4 m Wing Area 56.0 sq ft Area CHR 5.7 m
Planned (from top) 130 m Profile (from side) 40 m Midsection 11 sq.m The volume of 38.53 cubic meters
Engines: Two P-79M Afterburning thrust of 17,500 kgf 2 * Thrust max 2 * 15 800 kg Thrust 2 * 12 400 working kgf Specific fuel consumption 0.66 kg / kgf * h
Wing loading 473 - 687.5 kg / m Thrust 0.8 - 1.17 Weight: Maximum 38 500 kg Normal 26500 kg Empty 19 500 Fuel: normal 7000 kg Max 12,000 kg Load: Normal 1,000 kg (0.02) 4 * R-77 + 4 * 9M100. Maximum 8000 kg (0.2) Range: Ferry 5,500 km (2 FTB 2400 kg) Subsonic 4000 km Supersonic 1600 km Range: With drop tanks 2,000 km Subsonic 1,400 km Supersonic 560 km Maximum speed at an altitude of 2,200 km / h / 2.1 M at ground level 1,400 km / h / 1.12 m
Kilometer fuel consumption for the two engines: Subsonic 3 kg / km Supersonic 7.5 kg / km
Fuel
System-37
Assume that a
controlled air intake and engine-house R-179-300 2 x 18 500 kg, C-37
can reach speeds of 2,500 km / h. (Adjustable
air vents). With the
standard engine P-179-300 cruising fuel consumption 0.66 kg / kgf *
h Range:
Maximum
combat load. 2 P-73 + 4
P-77 + 12 AB-500 (under the wing) = 2 x 110 kg + 175 kg 4 x + 12 x
500 kg + 2 x 500 kg (DB) = 220 kg + 700 kg + 6,000 kg + 1,000 kg =
7920 kgTakeoff weight: 19600 + 7600 + 7920 + 100 = 35220 kg or 19600
+ 12700 + 7920 + 100 = 40320 kg
|
update 13.03.2010
Thematic model "Rhythm"
S.22
Su-27KM
S-32/S-37/Su-47 "Berkut"
R179-300
speculations
SKM-32 (KhAI )
------
|
Custom Search
|
|
